| Irrigation | Evapotranspiration | Water Movement in Soil | Hydrologic Cycle |
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What is microirrigation: drip, porous pipe, spitter, bubbler; 80-90?
This is the most efficient form of agricultural irrigation, and has field water efficiency of __-__%.
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What is a class-A evaporation pan used to estimate potential evapotranspiration?
What this is and what it is used for.
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What is a perc test?
This test determines whether the soil can accept wastewater rapidly enough to provide a disposal medium for a septic system.
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What is percolation?
This is the movement of water through the soil profile.
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What is field water efficiency?
Water transpired by the crop divided by water applied to the field and multiplied by 100.
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What are climatic conditions, leaf area index, efficiency of water use by different plants, and length and season of plant growing period?
Four determinates of water losses from the soil surface and transpiration.
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What is the capillary fringe?
This is the zone of wetting above a shallow water table.
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What is (C) 98%?
This is the percentage of water absorbed by plant roots that is transpired as water vapor over the course of a growing season.
a) 12% b) 55.5% c) 98% |
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What is to mix fertilizer into the top several cm of soil?
This is one way to mitigate fertilizer leaching from bypass flow.
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What is mulching?
This practice is an effective, but expensive, way to reduce evaporation from soil. Used mostly for crops with high cash value.
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What is preferential or bypass flow?
The rapid movement of water and solutes down through macropores (cracks, earthworm holes, and root holes).
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What is infiltration?
This is the penetration of water into the soil surface.
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What are:
1) The depth and distribution of plant roots 2) Water holding capacity in the root zone 3) Minimum target water potential 4) Rate of water consumption 5) Efficiency of application 6) Availability of irrigation water
These are 3 factors that influence the amount and frequency of irrigation.
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What are:
1) summer fallow 2) vegetative/organic mulches 3) plastic mulches 4) conservation tillage 5) crop residue
Three ways to reduce vapor losses from the soil.
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What is the vadose zone?
This is the subsurface zone with unsaturated pores above the groundwater.
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What is solar energy?
The hydrologic cycle is driven by this.
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What is salinity buildup?
This can be a danger when irrigating in arid climates.
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What is groundwater?
After the oceans and ice, the rest of the earth's water is mostly held here.
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What are:
1) loss of wildlife habitat, especially waterfowl 2) reduction in nutrient assimilation and other biochemical functions of wetlands 3) increased leaching of nitrates and other contaminants 4) accelerated loss of SOM 5) increased frequency and severity of flooding due to loss of runoff water retention capacity 6) greater cost of damages when flooding occurs 7) increased global warming due to conversion of SOM to CO2
These are 3 detrimental effects of artificial drainage of wetlands.
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What is groundwater?
This is subsurface water in the zone of saturation that is free to move under the influences of gravity, often horizontally to stream channels.
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What is water moving from the positive water potential in the soil to a potential of zero in the pipe?
This is the reason water moves from the soil into a perforated drain pipe.
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