the people and interests that an elected official represents

Charges filed against the POTUS approved by a majority of the House.

This is established for specialized purposes, such as trade, taxes, and military appeals.

Ruled that Scott, a slave, was not a citizen and hadno right to sue in federal court; went on to hold that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories

a formal way of halting Senate action on a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate

The inability to complete the business of government because rival parties control different parts of the government.

This has 12 circuits, an appellate jurisdiction, makes decisions based on procedure, and sets precedents

This case ruled that a Texas law banning public flag-burning is in violation of the 1st Amendment protections of free expression (symbolic speech).

A permanent committee in a legislative body to which bills in a specified subject=matter area are referred.

When one party controls the White House and another party controls one (or both) chamber(s) of Congress.

THis allows parties affected, but not directly involved, to be heard by the court.

This case held that while there may b a sound basis for the claim of executive privilege, there is no "absolute unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances."

A mechanism requiring 60 senators to vote to cut off debate (filibuster) in the Senate.

The extent to which bureaucrats can make policies not spelled out in advance by laws.

This applies if four of the nine justices agree to grant review of a case, it can be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the basis of written record already on file.

SCOTUS rules that while school officials are subject to the 4th Amendment rules concerning unreasonable search and seizure, they have a duty to keep a safe school environment, and students are not given the same protection as adults in non-school settings

A law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed; this is a power denied to Congress.

When cabinet officers or executive branch committees report directly to the POTUS despite no law saying they must.

Decides whether to appeal cases that the governments loses, reviews and modifies briefs, represents government in cases before the Supreme Court, and submits briefs on behalf of a litigant in a case in which the government is not involved.

in 1972, Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal.