insulin resistance

Fatty liver may be associated with steatohepatitis and hepatomegaly.

Note: A Mediterranean diet is recommended for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Diabetes A1c >=6.5%
Prediabetes A1c 5.7-6.4%

Note that A1c is glycated hemoglobin. An appropriate goal for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in adult diabetic patients is <7%.

Prediabetes nutrition therapy - Weight loss of 5-7% & increase physical activity to at least 150 minutes per week.

Hardening and narrowing of the arterial lumen. This makes it more likely that a clot can easily block it. Plaque from atherosclerosis is made up of fibrous connective tissue.

Most common cause is diabetes.
Classified by GFR (glomerular filtration rate).

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 indicates Stage 5.

20% or less of patients with end-stage renal disease receive a kidney transplant. The diet for ESRD can help to control electrolytes and avoid a life-threatening imbalance.

candidiasis
herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection
thrush (A milky white coating or individual white patches on the tongue and other oral tissues)

Note 19% percentage of individuals who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are unaware they have it.

Ascites is fluid accumulation in the abdomen. It is primarily a consequence of portal hypertension.
Patients should restrict their intake of sodium.

If a patient with ascites does not respond to sodium restriction and diuretic therapy, excess fluid may be removed from the abdomen by paracentesis.

Hypoglycemia

People with Type 1 diabetes are at increased risk for developing other autoimmune disorders

Limit added sugars and high refined carbohydrate intake, 2-4 grams of fish oil supplements, meaning eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

For levels above 1000mg/dL, it is recommended to have a very low-fat intake limited to 10-15% of kcal,

0.55 to 0.6g/kg/day

Low-protein diets for patients with CKD supply less phosphorus than high-protein diets.

Advanced stages of CKD can lead to metabolic acidosis, renal osteodystrophy, hormonal abnormalities, and peripheral neuropathy.

Salt preserved foods

hepatic encephalopathy

When cirrhosis progresses to advanced liver disease, the risk of hepatic encephalopathy is higher.

blurred vision (diabetic retinopathy)
frequent urination (polyuria)
weight loss
increased infections
excessive thirst (polydipsia)
diabetic nephropathy (damage to the kidneys’ specialized capillaries)
albuminuria (protein in the urine)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome leads to profoundly high levels of blood glucose because of dehydration.

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
Reduced sodium intake. Increase fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

The DASH diet is high in potassium and iron.

Following the DASH diet, can reduce systolic blood pressure by 11mmHg. Lowering sodium intake to <1,500mg increases the effectiveness.
Reducing weight can reduce systolic blood pressure by 10mmHg

bone disease

Excessive phosphate levels promote excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which can impact bone health.

excess adipose tissue raises levels of estrogen in the body.

Weight gain most often occurs in patients with cancer of the breast.

rest and a supportive diet

Note that herbal supplements can lead to nonviral hepatitis. There are 3 types of viral hepatitis.

Hepatitis A virus is spread through eating contaminated food (like oysters) or drink.

Hepatitis B virus is spread through body fluids, including birth, sex, and needle sharing.

Hepatitis C virus is spread through blood.

Simplest and most flexible approach to teaching the principles of the diet for optimal management of blood glucose levels.
1 serving = 15g of carbohydrates (one slice of bread, small piece of fruit, 1/2 cup cooked pasta, 1/2 large baked potato)

Limit saturated fat to less than 7% of your calories. Increase soluble fiber intake (beans are an excellent source.
Increase plant sterols to interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption.
Eat more whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

Reduce the risk by drinking 12 or more cups of fluids per day. Foods high in oxalate include dark leafy greens like spinach and collards, black beans, and chocolate.

Notes:
Calcium oxalate stones are most often accompanied by hypercalciuria.
Uric acid kidney stones are most commonly associated with gout.
Excessive vitamin C intake can contribute to kidney stone formation in those at risk.

increased protein turnover, insulin resistance, reduced protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis

soft diet

RDA for carbs = 130g/ day for non-pregnant adults ,and 175g per day for pregnant adults

For patients with GDM - to help with after-meal glucose levels, it is recommended to restrict carbohydrate intake to 15 to 30 grams at breakfast.

Assess for a person’s risk for CHD and should be done every 5 years beginning at age 20

200

antineoplastic agents

Note that St. John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of some cancer treatments.