molecules move rapidly and are spaced widely apart; no definite shape or volume

temperature scale based on absolute zero that does not have negative values that was developed by Belfast born William Thomson who would be named a Lord.

the English heat unit that is the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at sea level

absolute zero is impossible to reach

a solid changing to a liquid

molecules move around each other touching; no definite shape but has a definite volume

temperature scale based on water freezing at 32 degrees; developed by a Dutch-German-Polish physicist and inventor

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree C; a non metric unit

if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other

a liquid changing to a gas

molecules vibrate in place; definite shape and volume

temperature scaled based on water freezing at 0 degrees; named in honor of a Swedish Astronomer who developed a scale that was reversed; also called the Centigrade scale due the fact it is based on 100

the metric or SI unit for the mechanical equivalent of heat; named for James Prescott Joule, an English Beer maker; unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance of one meter, a Newton meter

heat flows form hot to cold; heat energy is always lost to the outside and never converted 100% to work

a solid changing to a gas

an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge, typically at low pressures (as in the upper atmosphere and in fluorescent lamps) or at very high temperatures (as in stars and nuclear fusion reactors).

- 40 degrees Celsius = ______ degrees Fahrenheit

notation symbol for the total amount of heat in thermodynamics or physics

states that when heat is added to a system, some of that energy stays in the system and some leaves the system

a gas changing to a liquid

the amount of heat necessary to change a solid to a liquid

the number of degrees from freezing of water to boiling of water on the Fahrenheit scale

the amount of heat energy need to raise one gram of a substance one degree Celsius; it is a physical property of a susbstance

most efficient engine possible uses a cycle of reversible, friction free, theoretical engine strokes between two temperature reservoirs

a gas changing to a solid; de-sublimation