| The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses and the pharynx | The Larynx and Trachea | Bronchial Tree and The lungs and pleurae | Ventilation | Disorders and the system through life... |
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What is the nasal conchae?
projecting medially from each wall of the nasal cavity are three scroll like structures and divided into superior, middle and inferior.
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What is tracheotomy?
when upper respiratory tract is obstructed, this is performed to open airway.
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what are the parietal pleura, visceral pleura and pleural cavity?
These are the three parts of the serous membrane around each lung.
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What are inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)?
These are the two phases of breathing
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What is Cystic Fibrosis?
inheritied disease in which functions of exocrine glands are disrupted throughout the body.
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What is vestibule?
Porch or entranceway that is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles.
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What is laryngeal prominence or adams apple?
large, shield-shaped thyroid cartilage that is formed by two cartilage plates, resembles an upright open book, with the books "spine" laying in the anterior midline of the neck. the "spine" is the ridge like ______.
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What is main bronchi, secondary bronchi(lobar), tertiary bronchi(segmental), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles?
The five parts of the bronchial tree.
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What do the following events describe:
1. inspiratory muscles contract, 2. thoracic cavity and pleural cavity increase in volume, 3. lungs are strecthed, long volume increases, 4. air pressure in lungs decreases, and 5. air flows into lungs?
Sequence of events in Inspiration.
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What is Bronchial Asthma?
a type of allergic inflammatory response that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress.
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What is nasal mucosa?
area richly supplied with sensory nerve endings, filters inhaled air because of mucus that traps inhaled dust, bacteria or other particles.
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What are the fibromusculocartilaginous layer and the adventitia?
cartilaginous rings, fibroelastic connective tissue connecting adjacent rings, and the tracheal is lie external to the submucosa and form _________; the external layer of connective tissue is __________.
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What is the Respiratory Zone?
The end part of the respiratory tree in the lungs. Consists of air-exchanging structures, respiratory bronchioles which lead to aveolar ducts which then leads to alveolar sacs.
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What does the following describe:
1. inspiratory muscles relax, 2. thoracic cavity and pleural cavity decrease in volume, 3. elastic lungs recoild passively, lung volume decreases, 4. air pressure in lungs rises, 5. air flows out of lungs?
Sequence of events in expiration.
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What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
category of disorders in which flow of air into and out of lungs is difficult or obstructed. Mostly refers to chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Is a major cause of death and disability in US.
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What are the three pharyngeal regions?
laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx
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What is valsalva's maneuver?
a sphincter that prevents the passage of air during abdominal straining. The abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes to prevent exhalation, raising intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure.
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What are type 1 alveolar cells (squamous epithelial cells) , type 2 alveolar cells (surfactant secreting cells) and alveolar macrophages (phagocytic cells)?
Three cells of alveoli.
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When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens, as a result, the superior-inferior dimension of thoracic cavity increases. What does this describe?
This is the action of the diaphragm during inspiration.
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What is chronic bronchitis?
Prolonged secretion of excess mucus that obstructs the airways, severely impairing ventilation and gas exchange. Infections frequently develop and coughing is persistent.
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What is uvula?
Pendulous "little grape" reflects superiorly and closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering nasal cavity.
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What are the thyroid, cricoid,epiglottis, and three pairs of arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform?
These are the nine cartilages of the Larynx.
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1. apex 2. right superior lobe 3. horizontal fissure 4. right middle lobe 5. oblique fissure 6. right inferior lobe 7. heart 8. diaphragm 9. base 10. left superior lobe 11. oblique fissure 12. left inferior lobe 13. cardiac notch
External Anatomy of the Lungs - see Picture
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What does the following have in common: contract to raise ribs, lifts the ribs to enlarge thoracic cavity, stiffens the thoracic wall?
These are all actions of intercostal muscles.
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What is Emphysema?
characterized by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by a deterioration of the alveolar walls.Most often associated with a smoking-related chronic inflammation of the lungs and increased activity of lung macrophages.
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