| Anatomy, Histology & Embryology | RAAS + ADH | Pharmacology + BP | Essential + Secondary Hypertension | Renal Artery Stenosis + Investigations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
What are the liver (right kidney) and spleen (left kidney)?
Structures specific to anterior surface relations of right & left kidneys
|
What are the kidneys, liver, lung epithelium and adrenal glands?
Locations of renin, angiotensinogen, ACE and aldosterone production
|
What are increased risks of stroke & cerebral infarction?
Risks associated with hypertension in the brain
|
What are obesity, high salt/ alcohol intake, low potassium/ calcium intake, aging, sedentary lifestyle, insulin resistance & stress?
Three hypertensinogenic risk factors for essential hypertension
|
What is are increased (blood sodium) and decreased (blood potassium) levels?
Effects of hyperaldosteronism on blood sodium & potassium levels
|
|
What are the afferent (waste) & efferent (clean) arterioles?
Glomerular arteriolar supply & type of blood in each (waste/ clean)
|
What is sodium & water retention?
Function of aldosterone secretion in DCT & collecting duct
|
What is decreased water retention (and subsequent decrease in BP)?
Effect of reduced production & secretion of ADH via angiotensin II receptor antagonists
|
What is 'hypertension due to an identifiable, underlying secondary cause?'
Definition of secondary hypertension
|
What are atherosclerosis & fibromuscular dysplasia?
Two main causes of renal artery stenosis
|
|
What is renal cortex -> renal medulla (pyramids) -> minor calyx via renal papilla -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter?
Order of urine flow through kidney microstructure
|
What are increase water retention, vasoconstriction & stimulation of thirst?
Functions of ADH secretion
|
What are the DCT & sodium-chloride symporter?
Location of action of diuretics and ion channel type affected
|
What are 'up' in lead I & 'down' in aVF?
ECG findings for LV hypertrophy (changes to QRS complex, specifically)
|
What is a normal aldosterone-renin ratio?
This finding would eliminate an aldosterone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex
|
|
What is detection of sodium concentration in DCT?
Function of macula densa in JGA
|
What is the beta-adrenoreceptor?
Receptor type in JG cells (synapses with sympathetic nerve fibers for renin release)
|
What are decreased responsiveness of beta-adrenoreceptors and decreased number of functional glomeruli?
Increased sympathetic tone and sodium retention causes increased BP with age due to these changes
|
What is renal parenchymal disease?
Most common cause of secondary hypertension
|
What is BL kidney failure (scintograms are comparative)?
This condition will not show up well on a scintogram
|
|
What are the intermediate mesoderm, pronephros (weeks 3-4), mesonephros (weeks 4-8) & metanephros (weeks 5-10)?
Tissue derivation of kidneys & stages (including weeks)
|
What are decreased BP in afferent arterioles (detected by JG cells), decreased salt concentration (detected by macula densa of DCT), and sympathetic nerve output (detected by JG cells)?
Three triggers for renin release & cells that detect triggers
|
What are vasodilation (vascular smooth muscle), reduction in force of contraction (cardiac muscle), and decreased rate of electrical conduction within heart?
Three effects of calcium channel blockers (including location of action)
|
What are increased sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction & TPR?
Basic mechanism for secondary hypertension caused by OSA
|
What is pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor)?
High levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and normetanephrine indicate this condition
|
Support Us on Ko-fi