| Institutions (Law, Family, Religion) | Institutionalization and Bureaucracy | Socialization & Symbolic Interactionism | Culture & More Institutions (Law, Family, Religion) | Deviance & Social Change |
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What are repeat players and one-shotters?
As well as size and frequency of using the legal system, these two types of actors in legal disputes are distinguishable from each other in terms of whether they play for a direct outcome or for a change in the rules that is favorable to their future legal cases.
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What is the tendency to organize social life according to the principles of fast food restaurants (efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control).
Would also accept: What is rationalization?
Ritzer calls this phenomenon "McDonaldization."
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What is the extent to which socialization (versus biology or psyche) determines how human beings behave?
Bonus: What are the critiques of these approaches to socialization?
This distinguishes the strong from weak view of socialization.
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What is consuming both high- and low-brow culture as a form of cultural capital, rather than just consuming low-brow culture?
According to Peterson, cultural omnivores and univores consume culture differently in this key way.
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What are: Wikipedia, worker-owned cooperatives, unconditional base income, and urban participatory budgeting?
Wright provides these examples of real utopias.
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What are a totem and a ritual?
This first thing is transformed from profane to sacred through this second thing. Example: eating a wafer while taking communion.
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What are:
• Clearly defined hierarchy of offices • Offices are governed by written rules. • The office is defined by competence • This occupation constitutes the basis of a career • Separation between the office and life outside of the organization • The office holder’s work is separated from ownership • Employees are subject to strict and systemic control • Core values: efficient, calculable, predictable administration of people and things Bonus: What do the key features of bureaucracy tell us about modern life, according to Weber?
These are the features of bureaucracy.
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What are: culture has biological basis, human behavior is biologically determined, and social problems are medical problems?
These claims have been made about human personality and socialization based on the Minnesota twin studies.
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What is as the solution to the problem of collective action?
Bonus: How does culture change, according to Becker?
Becker defines culture in this way.
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What is an approach that treats relations (not things) as the starting point of sociological analysis?
This concept is called Relational Sociology.
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What is the secularization thesis?
Would also accept: What is that modernity will become increasingly secular?
Marx argued that religion results in self-alienation, while Weber argued that the Protestant Ethic became the foundation for capitalism. Meanwhile, Durkheim suggests that sacredness is central to social solidarity. Ultimately, Marx and Weber disagreed with Durkheim on this key prediction about religion.
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What is: why subjects obey?
Legal-rational: Obedience due to rationality of impartial, and abstract rules. Traditional: Obedience because that’s the way it has always been. Charismatic: Obedience due to the allure of a visionary’s message.
Weber defines three types of legitimate domination: Legal-rational, Traditional, and Charismatic. He differentiates them in this way.
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What are social sanctions for deviance from the hegemonic norm in "doing" non-conformist gender?
Hegemonic masculinity (as discussed by Kane) is related to West and Zimmerman's concept of "doing gender" through this key aspect of socialization.
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What are: law as a weapon in social struggles and law has ideological (legitimizing) effects?
The central tenets of a conflict approach to law.
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What is socioeconomic class?
This key aspect of identity separates “Saints” from “Roughnecks” by causing differences in their demeanor when confronted by authority figures, the way the community perceives them, and their mobility.
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What are:
• The rich are more likely to be a repeat player or have close ties to repeat players: • Repeat players have advantages in structuring the litigation process • Lawyers are a type of repeat player; having a standing relationship with a lawyer provides advantages •Legal institutions have to be set in motion by a complaint. This costs in time and money, thus tends to maintain the status quo • Rules tend to favor those already powerful
These are the reasons that the “haves” come out ahead in litigation.
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What is means to an end vs. realizing a value/belief?
Formal (instrumental) rationality and value rationality can be differentiated in this way.
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What is building one's sense of self on how they perceive others to view them?
Bonus: Who invented this concept?
The looking glass self.
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What are interaction rituals?
Collins asserts that the modern form of sacredness is the self by drawing on this concept from Goffman.
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Once labeled, all one's behavior and interactions with others are perceived by others through the lens of that label, with facts being rationalized and distorted to support that label's veracity.
According to Rosenhan labels of “deviant” are so sticky for this reason.
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What are:
1) High but declining marriage rates 2) Increases in cohabitation 3) Delayed age of fist marriage and children 4) High divorce rates 5) Rise of single-parent households and number of people living alone Bonus: How does the US compare to other countries in terms of patterns of marriage, children, and divorce?
These are five important trends in marriage and family in the U.S.
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What is taking the role of the other transforming into habituated roles that crystalize through intergenerational socialization, which is enforced through sanctions and legitimized as part of socialization?
Berger and Luckmann explain the process of institutionalization, or creating institutions, this way.
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front, back and off stage; Impression management; presentation of self; protective and defensive strategies; deference and demeanor
Bonus: Define them!
These are the most important concepts from Goffman's dramaturgical approach.
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What are affective individualism and de-naturalization/de-institutionalization?
This first concept is a form of marriage is based on personal selection (e.g., romantic love); it represents an example of this second concept, a process by which something assumed to be normal, universal, and accepted is challenged, and thus no longer seems obvious or natural.
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What are the Functionalist, Symbolic Interactionist (Labeling and Differential Association), and Conflict theories of deviance?
These three theories of deviance offer explanations for social behavior that range from viewing society as an organism where each aspect has its role, to understanding deviance through the lens of interpersonal relationships, to painting deviance as resistance to domination by the powerful.
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