Dysphagia resulting from certain changes to the physical structure of the esophagus.

An abnormal tightening or narrowing of the oesophagus.

A condition in which the normal tissue lining the esophagus changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine.

A failure of the LES to relax due to degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the myenteric plexus of the esophageal wall.