An Italian explorer sponsored by Spain who landed in the Americas in 1492 while seeking a new trade route to Asia.

A three-legged trading route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, where goods, enslaved people, and raw materials were exchanged across the Atlantic.

The country where the Industrial Revolution began.

A strong sense of pride in one’s nation, often seeking independence or national unity.

The exchange of goods, plants, animals, cultures, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

People from Africa who were forcibly taken and sold into slavery, particularly as part of the Transatlantic Slave Trade to work on plantations in the Americas.

A crucial energy source used to fuel steam engines, smelt iron, and power factories, leading to increased industrial production.

The process whereby a country tries to become more powerful by taking control of other lands and people to gain wealth and spread their ideas.

A Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico in the early 16th century.

The leg of the Triangular Trade that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas, and infamous for its horrific conditions.

An invention by James Watt that converted steam power into mechanical work, facilitating transportation and mechanization in factories.

Adam Smith advocated for this economic system in which private individuals or businesses own capital goods and operate for profit.

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in South America in the 1530s, leading to Spanish control of Peru.

A public sale in which Enslaved Africans were sold as property to the highest bidder.

An invention by James Hargreaves in 1764 that allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once, greatly improving textile production.

The late invasion, occupation, and colonization of African territory by European powers, resulting in the division of Africa with little regard for African cultures.

A Portuguese prince who promoted exploration along the African coast in the 15th century and started a navigation school in Portugal.

The continent where goods such as guns, glass and alcohol were traded in exchange for captured Africans.

The rapid growth of cities due to the movement of people from rural areas to cities due to industrial jobs.

A series of conflicts between Britain and China (1839-1860), primarily over British trade in opium and China's sovereignty.