A bad penny always turns up.

What is the grouping of oppositional words to create a new, unique word or phrase.

Pretty ugly

Same difference.

What is a short statement which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.

It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.

The British crown has been plague by scandal.

What is a deliberate use of an understatement in which a sentiment is expressed ironically.

A lie told often enough becomes the truth

The pen is mightier than the sword.

What is a substitution for the name of an attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant.

For four generations we've been making medicines as if people's lives depended on them.