If the amount of DNA in a cell during the G2 phase is 3, what is the amount of DNA in
the cell during metaphase?
A) 1.5
B) 2
C) 3
D) 6
E) 12

In the adult, produces the renal proximal convoluted tubule
A) Ectoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Mesoderm
D) Yolk sac
E) Neural crest

Proteins synthesized on _______________ may become a lysosomal enzyme
A) Attached polyribosomes
B) Free polyribosomes
C) Both
D) Neither

A 50-year-old man with a 10-year history of alcohol abuse complains of pain in his left
big toe. Physical examination reveals erythmea and heat over the metatorsophalangial joints. A
complete blood cell count shows absolute neutrophilic leucocytosis, a strong sign for inflammatory
processes. A synovial fluid analysis showed needle shaped crystals. What is the mechanism of joint
inflammation?
A) Decreased activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
B) Decreased activity of xanthine oxidase
C) Decreased renal excretion of uric acid
D) Increased activity of phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase
E) Increased degradation of pyrimidines

A 6-year-old boy was found to have irregular dark spots, excessive dryness and scaly
skin. The child’s mother also noticed the blistering in the skin after minimum exposure to sunlight. The clinical
presentation is most likely due to defect in
A) Vitamin C deficiency
B) Collagen synthesis
C) Failure to repair pyrimidine dimers in DNA
D) DNA synthesis
E) Defect in the RNA polymerase I

The diagram below shows a Lineweaver-Burk plot obtained from in vitro experiments on
the enzyme HMGCoA reductase enzyme both without (-I) and with (+I) the inhibitor Lovastatin. What
type of inhibition is most likely to give plots like this? (Image on next page)
A) Competitive inhibition
B) Denaturation
C) Non-competitive inhibition
D) Suicide inhibition
E) Uncompetitive inhibition

Loss of sympathetic innervation to one side of the head results in
1) partial ptosis
2) absence of a pupillary light reflex
3) loss of sweating
4) pupillary dilation
A) 1,2,3 only
B) 1,3 only
C) 2,4 only
D) 4 only
E) All are correct

An increased concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in hepatocytes will have a
positive regulatory efect on which of the following?
A) Gluconeogenesis and glucose-6-phosphatase
B) Gluconeogenesis and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C) Glycolysis and glucokinase
D) Glycolysis and phosphofructokinase 1

he TCA cycle produces many high energy molecules, one of which is at the
substrate-level phosphorylation. This occurs through which of the following reactions?
A) Isocitrate --> alpha-ketoglutarate
B) Alpha-ketoglutarate--> Succinyl coA
C) Succinyl coA--> Succinate
D) Fumerate--> Malate
E) Malate--> Oxaloacetate

: A 26-year-old man visits his physician with complaints of pain in his right shoulder that
developed after playing baseball one week ago. On examination, the patient experiences sharp pain
when the arm is abducted beyond 30 degrees. MRI scan of the shoulder reveals injury to the tendon
of the rotator cuf. The tendon fo which of the following muscles is most likely injured?
A) Infraspinatus
B) Latissimus dorsi
C) Supraspinatus
D) Teres minor
E) Teres major

Question #30: The force developed in a muscle during voluntary contraction is normally graded by
varying the:
1) amount of acetylcholine liberated per impulse at each end-plate
2) discharge frequency of individual motor units
3) rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholine
4) number of active motor units
A) 1,2,3 only
B) 1,3 only
C) 2,4 only
D) 4 only
E) All are correct

A prokaryotic operon codes for two enzymes and one regulatory protein. The operon is
expressed only in the presence of a particular sugar. Initial mapping of the operon has diferentiated
the non transcribed sequences from the transcribed sequences. Deletion of 10 nucleotides from one
of the non transcribed sequences results in transcription of the operon in both the presence and
absence of the sugar. Which of the following sequences was most likely afected?
A) Activator binding site
B) Activator gene
C) Operator
D) Promoter
E) Repressor gene

A 16-year-old girl is brought into the orthopedic clinic because she fell of her bicycle
while riding down a steep hill. The orthopedic surgeon examines her left arm and palpates a displaced
mid-shaft break of her humerus. It is noted that she cannot extend her wrist, but there are no distal
broken bones. She has limited ability to extend and abduct her arm at the shoulder. Her left forearm
and hand feel slightly colder than her right arm and she seems to have lost some sensation on the
posterior lateral portion of her left hand, though she says she can feel with all her fingertips. The
physician is concerned that she has damaged which of the following?
A) Axillary nerve
B) Axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery
C) Radial nerve
D) Radial nerve and deep artery of the

A 29-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department with pain and injuries to
her left elbow. On examination, there is no sensation along the medial side of her palm. X-ray reveals
feature of medial epicondyle of the humerus. Which of the following movements is most likely
compromised due to the injury.
A) Flexion of the thumb
B) Extension of the thumb
C) Abduction of the wrist
D) Adduction of the wrist
E) Extension of the wrist

A polysome is actively involved in translation. The ribosomes are attached to which of
the following?
A) Single-stranded DNA
B) Double-stranded DNA
C) mRNA
D) rRNA
E) tRNA

A group of young scientists isolated eukaryotic DNA polymerases according to their
molecular weight and cellular location. Correctly match the diferent DNA polymerases with their
specific actions
A) Polymerase alpha: Proofreading activity
B) Polymerase beta: DNA repair
C) Polymerase alpha: DNA chain elongation
D) Polymerase gamma: Synthesizes primer
E) Polymerase epsilon: Replicates mitochondrial DNA

A 48-year-old white female secretary presents with progressive difculty typing over the
past month. She also notes that her hands begin to feel numb and weak after typing for long periods
of time. Upon testing, which of the following deficits would be predicted?
A) Difculty in abducting the fifth finger
B) Difculty in adducting the thumb
C) Difculty in flexing digits two and three at the metacarpophalangeal joints
D) Loss of sensation over the lateral half of the dorsum of the hand
E) Loss of sensation over the lateral half of the palm
F) Loss of sensation over the medial half of the dorsum of the hand
G) Loss of sensation over the medial half of the palm

: In a successful lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn through a needle that
has penetrated the
1) dura mater
2) pia mater
3) arachnoid
4)anulus fibrosus
A) 1,2,3 only
B) 1,3 only
C) 2,4 only
D) 4 only
E) All are correct

A 35-year-old male body builder has enlarged his shoulder muscles to such a degree
that the size of the quadrangular space is greatly reduced. Which of the following structures would
most likely be compressed in this condition?
A) Axillary nerve
B) Anterior humeral circumflex artery
C) Cephalic vein
D) Radial nerve
E) Subscapular artery

A 14-year-old high school freshman presents to her family doctor for a sports physical.
She has not played organized sports in the past but is in good physical shape. She mentions that she
experienced severe leg cramps after trying out for the soccer team last week. The night after the
tryouts, she noticed that her urine had a red- dish tinge. She has no other medical complaints. Her
physician orders an ischemic fore- arm exercise test, which reveals no increase in venous lactate.
Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?
A) Cystathionine synthase
B) Glucose-6-phosphatase
C) Alpha-1,6-Glucosidase
D) Glycogen phosphorylase
E) Lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase

Between which two layers is the extraembryonic mesoderm located?
A) Epiblast and hypoblast
B) Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
C) Synctiotrophoblast and endometrium
D) Exocoelomic membrane and syncytiotrophoblast
E) Exocoelomic membrane and cytotrophoblast

Lovastatin inhibits HMG CoA Reductase by binding to the active site of the enzyme, it is
classified as:
A) Competitive inhibitor
B) Non-Competitive inhibitor
C) Uncompetitive inhibitor
D) Allosteric inhibitor
E) Irreversible inhibitor

Liver cells in culture were kept at 0 C (32.0 F) and treated with trypsin to digest the
receptors on the cell surface. The temperature was then raised to 37.0 C (98.6 F), and radioactive LDL
was added to the culture media. Several hours later, the labeled LD was found to be inside the cells.
This specific process of LDL uptake is
A) active transport
B) facilitated difusion
C) phagocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following statements about smooth muscle contraction is most accurate?
A) Ca2+ independent
B) Does not require an action potential
C) Requires more energy compared to skeletal muscle
D) Shorter in duration compared to skeletal muscle

After a night of fraternity parties, a 21-year-old college junior came to the ED the
following morning complaining that she could not raise her wrist. There is no history of trauma. On
examination, the patient cannot extend her fingers or wrist but an flex them. She can also both flex
and extend her elbow normally. There are no other motor deficits. The symptoms suggest damage to
which one of the following?
A) Median nerve
B) Ulnar nerve
C) Radial nerve
D) Axillary nerve
E) Musculocutatenous nerve