The end product of protein & muscle breakdown. Filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Is better indicator of kidney function

This is often required prior to radiographical studies of renal and urinary systems to improve visualization.

term for involuntary urination at night

Normal range for BUN

non invasive means of estimating urine volume in bladder

decreased urine output, less than 400 mL in 24 hours

A by-product of purine metabolism

this imaging test requires the use of IV contrast and allows visualization of of kidneys, ureters, and bladder and can dx tumors, cysts, calculi, and obstructions

severe pain that radiates to perineal and groin area

These electrolytes values are affected by poor kidney function.

contrast dye is injected into bladder

total urine output less than 100 mL in 24 hours

This test is a reliable indicator of GFR.

Position that patient is placed after renal biopsy

the presence of this sound upon auscultation may indicate altered blood flow to kidneys