"Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced"

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response; increases behaviors

The purpose of reinforcement is to
a. cause a behavior to stop.
b. cause a behavior to diminish.
c. cause a behavior to continue.
d. strengthen the spontaneous recovery process.
e. cause a behavior to occur for only a limited amount of time.

"Responses learned in one situation occurring in other, similar situations"

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; stops or reduces stimuli

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
a. John stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him
when he does.
b. Brian studies hard because it earns him “A” grades in math.
c. Lillian used to walk to school but does not do so anymore because
she was attacked by a dog last month.
d. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so.
e. Osel wears his seat belt because his driving teacher cited accident
statistics in class.

"The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response"

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as what?
a. Law of effect
b. Operant conditioning
c. Shaping
d. Respondent behavior
e. Discrimination

Responding decreases when reinforcement stops

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a
a. rat’s food reward in a Skinner box.
b. cold drink on a hot day.
c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently.
d. hug from a loved one.
e. large meal following an extended time without food.

Associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous
reinforcement

reinforcement that does not occur immediately after a response has been made

Shea bought 10 tickets for the raffle for free homecoming entry, but she did not win. Months later she also buys 10 tickets for the senior prom raffle, hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario?
a. Fixed-ratio
b. Variable-ratio
c. Fixed-interval
d. Variable-interval
e. Continuous