Systole- contraction
Diastole- relaxation

1. Transport
2. Hemostasis
3. Defence

Smallest basic unit capable of carrying out all the functions needed for life

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

Sarcomere

1. capillary hydrostatic (inside of capillary wall, flow out)
2. interstitial hydrostatic (outside of capillary wall, flow in)
3. blood colloid osmotic (pull in)
4. interstitial fluid osmotic (pull out)

1. RBC- oxygen-carrying
2. WBC- immunity
3. platelets- clotting
4. plasma- fluid portion

1. obtain nutrients from environment
2. convert nutrients to energy
3. reproduce
4. communicate and interact with the environment
5. synthesize proteins

1. Frontal- higher order thinking, personality, decision making, planning behaviour
2. Parietal- process sensory information for things like touch, pain, temperature
3. Temporal- auditory
4. Occipital- vision

skeletal- striated, somatic
cardiac- striated, autonomic
smooth-unstriated, autonomic

Fast AP- left and right atrium, left and right ventricles, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Slow AP- SA node and AV node

First- longer to mount a response, longer to make specific T and B cells
Second- have memory cells, faster and stronger response

1. Temperature
2. Saturation of fatty acid tails of phospholipids
3. If cholesterol or not
4. Fatty acid tail length

Vm the neuron needs to reach to have an action potential occur

actin filaments slide past myosin filaments causing sarcomere contraction and therefore muscle contraction

Sympathetic NS:
-increase permeability of F type Na channels and T type Ca channels (positive charge enters quicker)

Parasympathetic NS:
-decrease permeability of F type Na channel and increase permeability of K channels (flow out, hyperpolarized)

How are T cells activated
APC process antigen and express MHC1/2 holding antigen on their surface they also express coreceptors that help binding of MHC1/2 to CD8 or CD4 on T cells

1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis- diffusion of water
3. facilitated diffusion- polar substances move from high to low concentration through transport proteins

-for a specific ion, its equilibrium potential is the membrane potential when the NET flow of that ion is 0, so there is no current of that ion
-ions try to move towards equilibrium potential

-Na binding, membrane depolarization causes DHP/ L-type Ca2+ channels on T-tubule membrane to open

-mechanically connected to the ryanodine/Ca release channels of SR→ opening of DHP causes Ca2+ to leave ryanodine receptors into sarcoplasm

1. atrial systole
2. isovolumetric ventricular contraction (ventricle systole)
3. ventricular ejection (ventricle systole)
4. isovolumetric relaxation (ventricle and atrial diastole)
5. ventricular filling (ventricle and atrial diastole)

MHC1- all cells in our body express MHC1, monitoring MHC1 expression used to identify infected and tumor cells (NK cell monitor and attack), INTRACELLULAR antigens

MHC2- only APC, EXTRACELLULAR antigens

1. 1st messenger binds to G-Protein linked receptor extracellularly- causes conformation change
2. alpha subunit affinity for GDP decrease and GTP increases- binds GTP
3. G-Protein detatches from receptor and GTP bound alpha subunit detatches from beta and gamma subunits
4. GTP bound alpha subunit goes to an enzyme- activates or inhibits based on if Gs or Gi protein
5. Enzyme activated/inhibited affects production of secondary messenger in the cell
6. Increase/decrease in the amount of secondary messenger to bind to protein kinase
7. Increase/decrease in protein kinase activity to alter proteins in cell

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential)- inc stimulus, inc EPSP
AP- inc stimulus, same strength AP

Action potential travels from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules→ causes Ca2+ release into sarcoplasm, Ca2+ binds to TnC of troponin to move tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can bind actin (by ATP hydrolysis)