| Movement into and out of cells | Circulatory System | Biological Molecules | Excretion | Disease And Immunity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hypertonic
This term describes a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.
|
Septum
What separates the left and right sides of the heart?
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active site shape must be complementary to enzymes
Enzymes specific to their substrates, Why?
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Proximal convoluted tubule / tubule
Identify the part of the nephron where selective reabsorption occurs.
|
Disease spreads more rapidly because carriers do not isolate
Predict the effect on disease spread if carriers are asymptomatic.
|
|
Swell and may burst
In a hypotonic environment, an animal cell is most likely to do this.
|
Plasma will leak in tissues
Why would damaged capillary walls cause tissue swelling?
|
Iodine reacts with starch helix
Why is iodine used to test for starch but not glucose?
|
H⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, creatinine, uric acid, drugs, and some bile salts
Identify two substance actively secreted into the nephron.
|
Viruses target specific host receptors; bacteria are less host-specific
Identify why viruses can infect multiple host species but bacteria often cannot.
|
|
It becomes plasmolysed as water is lost
What happens to a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution and How?
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More space for hemoglobin hence More oxygen transport
Red blood cells lack a nucleus.Explain what advantage it has for the red blood cell
|
Peptide bonds present
Why does the Biuret test turn purple with protein?
|
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) controls water balance by making kidneys reabsorb more water.
It is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
what is ADH and which organ excrete it?
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To boost memory cell numbers for long-term protection
Identify why some vaccines need repeated doses.
|
|
It is large and polar
Why is glucose unable to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Diapedesis.
In this process, WBCs squeeze through tiny gaps between capillary wall cells as WBCs are flexible and capillaries have space between them.
White blood cells are able to leave capillaries, name and explain the process.
|
Lipids store more energy per gram
Why does a high-fat diet provide more long-term energy than a high-carbohydrate diet?
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bile pigments (bilirubin), excess cholesterol, drugs, and toxins
Identify another excretory product removed by the liver besides urea.
|
Viruses lack metabolic machinery targeted by antibiotics / no ribosomes and cell walls
Identify one reason why antibiotics cannot treat viral infections.
|
|
Aerobic – stronger heart, better oxygen delivery; anaerobic – rapid energy, less oxygen efficiency
Compare the benefits of aerobic vs anaerobic exercise on heart efficiency.
|
Exposure of platelets to collagen
Why does clotting begin immediately after vessel damage?
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Induced fit model
Name the type of enzyme-substrate model supported by the active site changing shape.
|
Sodium and potassium may increase; homeostasis is disrupted
Predict the effect of chronic kidney disease on blood electrolyte levels.
|
Isolation prevents immediate spread; vaccination prevents future susceptibility
Compare the effectiveness of isolation vs vaccination in disease control.
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