Answer: Patients' adjectives are used to describe pain intensities. No pain = 0, mild pain = 1, moderate pain = 2, severe pain = 3

These measurements are not always reliable indicators of pain, especially in those with chronic pain.

Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)-assesses physiological state, heart rate, 02 sats, brow bulge, eye squeeze, and nasolabial squeeze

Decrease in attention, learning and memory, speed of information processing, psychomotor ability and executive function

This pain can be felt when a limb has been removed.

Patient rates pain using a scale of 0-10. A rating of zero indicates no pain a rating of 10 indicates the highest level of pain.

These pain relief methods, such as reiki, acupuncture, hypnosis and essential oils, are ways to manage pain that do not require medication.

Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale.

Depression, anger, loss of sleep, loss of self worth, anxiety over the pain itself and also how the patient is perceived by their family and peers.

These help electrical impulses (ex. the pain impulse) travel between nerves.

An effective tool used for monitoring nonverbal dementia patients’ pain levels, this pain scale is a tool for clinicians to determine and assess a dementia patient’s pain needs. If not used could lead to greater risk for under recognition and under treatment of pain. The optimum times to use this scale are at rest, during a pleasant activity, during care giving, and after the administration of pain medication.

Drugs such as codeine, morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone and hydrocodone belong to which category of pain medications?

Shorter absorption time, lower metabolism rate, effects of opioids may be stronger and last longer.

Decreased mobility, decreased range of motion, decreased activity

This is a fatty covering around some nerve fibers that allows pain signals to travel very quickly and is responsible for localized, sharp, stabbing pain sensations.

In addition to FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability), these scales are used to access pain in non-verbal and preverbal children. Pain assessments are made on patient behaviors such as crying, movement, agitation, and verbal expression.

Drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen belong to this pain medication class.

A pain scale used for infants and children up to age seven that is used by observation.

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, sleeplessness, and decreased appetite

This is the first stage in the pain response characterized by cell damage causing cells to release chemicals that are picked up by free nerve endings, which are then converted to electrical signals sent to the spinal cord.

To administer smallest dose that provides relief with the fewest side effect