| Hormones and the brain | The body’s three communication systems | Methods of communication | Types of chemical messengers | Neuropeptides and neuromodulators |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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What discipline studies how the brain controls the endocrine system?
Neuroendocrinology
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What are the body’s three communication systems?
nervous system, endocrine system, immune system
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What method of communication involves release of hormones into the blood stream with action on cells in distant areas of the body?
endocrine
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What is a “true” hormone?
(a) chemical messengers which are (b) synthesized in ductless (endocrine) glands and (c) secreted into the bloodstream.They (d) act on specific target cell receptors and (e) exert specific physiological (bioechemical) regulatory actions in the target cell
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What is a prohormone?
A molecule that is a precursor to a hormone.
|
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what is the pituitary gland or hypophysis?
the master gland
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What are the chemical messengers released by immune cells?
cytokines
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What is the name of the type of communication that involves hormones that act on cells in the vicinity of where they are released?
paracrine
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What is a neurohormone?
hormones that are released by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (neurons) via the posterior pituitary into the circulation (e.g., oxytocin and vasopressin) or via the portal system, into the the anterior pituitary (the so-called hypothalamic releasing/inh
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what is a neuropeptide?
a string of amino acids secreted by neurons that influences communication
Between neurons |
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what is the brain region that sits above the pituitary gland and secretes neurohormones?
the hypothalamus
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What are the chemical messengers released by neurons?
Neurotransmitters
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What form of communication involves hormones that act on the cells that release them.
autocrine
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What is a neurotransmitter?
molecules released by presynaptic neurons into a synapse (e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, etc.,), where they stimulate receptors on postsynaptic neurons.
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what is leptin?
a neuropeptide released by fat cells that travels to the brain and affects appetite.
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what is it called when the secretion of neurotransmitters is modulated by the level of specific hormones in the circulation?
hormone feedback
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What branch of the autonomic nervous system induces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
the sympathetic nervous system
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What method of communication involves the release of a neuropeptides from a neuron into the peripheral circulation or hypothalamic portal vessels?
neuroendocrine
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volatile chemical messengers that are secreted into the environment where through smell or taste affect the behavior or endocrine system of another individual, usually of the same species.
Phermones
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what is a neuroactive substance
any chemical messenger that regulates the activit of neurons – may be a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator.
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What is the neuroendocrine system?
network of hormone-brain-behavior interactions.
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what is psychoneuroendocrinology?
the study of behavior influenced by the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems.
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hormones that act within the cells that synthesize them without being released.
intracrine
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Hormone like substances which promote growth of body or brain tissue; e.g., nerve growth factor (NGS) or epidermal growth factor (EGF).
growth factors
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what is a neuromodulator?
chemical messenger that acts non-synaptically
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