1) C3
2) T4
3) L5

1) leuko - white
2) adeno - gland
3) arthro - joint
4) axillo - armpit
5) cervico - neck
6) entero - intestines
7) costo - ribs
8) erythro - RBC

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First pop = ligamentum flavum
Second pop = dura
Ends up in subarachnoid space

Visceral afferents traveling with parasympathetic:
• Mediate unconscious sensations such as atrial stretch or GI stretch
• Results in involuntary physiological responses, eg. enhanced peristalsis, decreased heart rate, blood pressure, etc.


• Visceral afferents traveling with sympathetic
• Mediate conscious sensations that are usually painful
• Responds to ischemia, distension (abnormal stretch), inflammation, or spasmodic contraction of smooth muscles.

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a) Kyphosis (‘hunchback’) - is an abnormal
increase in the thoracic curvature, leading
to a posterior protrusion of the vertebral
column

B) Lordosis - is characterized by an anterior tilting of the pelvis (the upper sacrum is flexed or rotated anteroinferior) with the increased inward curve of the spine

C) Scoliosis –common in young adults and is characterized by an abnormal lateral
curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

1) Conus medullaris: Spinal cord begins at medulla oblongata (foramen magnum) ends at vertebral level L1-L2 (Conus medullaris)

2) Cauda equina (horse’s tail)
• Spinal nerve roots that exit from the lumbar and sacral region travels in the lumbar cistern towards their respective exit points from the vertebral canal

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Anterior Longitudinal Ligament, Posterior Longitudinal
Ligament, Supraspinous Ligament, Interspinous Ligament, Ligamentum Flavum

A) Knee joint, humero-radial, humero-ulnar (Flexion and extension)
B) Hip joint
C) radio-ulnar (pronation and supanation)
D) between atlas and axis, responsible for movement of head when saying no
E) between occipital condyles and the lateral
masses of the atlas (C1) - responsible for nodding "yes"

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1) Odontoid: Fractures of the dens, classified as types I, II and III. Type I and III are usually stable fractures. •Type II: most common occurs at the junction of the dens with the body of
the axis, unstable because the transverse ligament of the atlas becomes interposed between
fragments and because the separated fragment (the dens) no longer has blood supply, resulting in avascular necrosis.

2) Hangman's: Fracture occurs in the bony column formed by the superior and inferior articular processes of the axis, the pars inter-articularis. Traumatic spondylolysis of C2 usually occurs as a result of hyperextension of the head and neck. If anterior displacement of the C2 vertebrae - Traumatic spondylolisthesis

3) Jefferson: A Jefferson fracture is often caused by trauma to the back of the head. The contact makes the neck violently snap back or forward, cracking the ring-shaped C1. Divers are at high risk of getting this fracture. Hitting water with the back of the head can be quite dangerous.

4) A wedge fracture is a vertebral compression fracture occurring anteriorly and/or laterally. If it is crushed on the frontal aspect of the vertebral body, it becomes wedge-shaped. These fractures are more commonly found in the thoracic spine (T11 -L1 ), which is rather rigid displaying only a few degrees of flexion and extension. Although the thoracic spine does maintain a wide range of its ability to rotate, flexion and extension become limited.

5) A burst fracture is a descriptive term for an injury to the spine where the vertebral body is severely compressed becoming crushed, spreading fragments throughout spine

1) There are 5 body positions:

A) Supine: lying on back
B) Fowler's: Lying on back with the back at 30º angle
C) Prone: Lying down (on abdomen )
D) Left decubitus: Lying on left side
E) Lithotomy position: Hips and knees fully
flexed, thighs separated.

2) Standard position for physical examination,
the physician is to the right of the patient.

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