| Prophase | Metaphase | Anaphase | Telophase/Cytokinesis | Cell Cycle Regulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mitotic Spindle.
What important structure is made during prophase from microtubules?
|
The metaphase plate.
What is the name of the plane where all the chromosomes line up?
|
Motor proteins.
What drives the processes of anaphase?
|
Mitotic Spindle.
What structure breaks down to its building blocks during telophase?
|
The death of a nearby cell, release of growth-promoting hormones, crowding of cells, or cell size.
Name an external event that can trigger the initiation or inhibition of the cell cycle.
|
|
The chromosomes condense so they are easier to pull apart.
What happens to the chromosomes during prophase?
|
The spindle captures the chromosomes and lines them up in the middle of the cell.
What does the spindle do during metaphase?
|
They are separated from each other.
What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase?
|
The chromosomes decondense.
What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
|
The G1 checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint, and the metaphase checkpoint (spindle checkpoint).
What are the three cell cycle checkpoints?
|
|
It organizes chromosomes during mitosis.
What is the job of the spindle?
|
The spindle checkpoint.
What checkpoint occurs during metaphase?
|
They are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
What happens after the sister chromatids separate?
|
The nucleoli and nuclear envelope.
What structures reappear during telophase?
|
Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks). They make sure the cell passes through the checkpoints.
Name a group of positive regulators and describe their main function.
|
|
The nucleolus disappears.
What occurs that is a sign that the nucleus is getting ready to break down?
|
They have to be attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
What has to happen to the chromosome's kinetochores during metaphase?
|
They carry chromosomes as they walk along microtubule tracks.
How do motor proteins work?
|
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells. It can start during anaphase or telophase (the end of mitosis).
What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
|
Negative regulators halt the cell cycle. The three main negative regulator molecules are Rb, p53, and p21.
What do negative regulators do and what are the three main negative regulator molecules?
|
|
Microtubules bind to the chromosomes at the kinetochore. The kinetochore is a patch of protein located on the centromere of each sister chromatid.
What happens to chromosomes at the kinetochore and what is the kinetochore?
|
It makes sure that the sister chromatids will split evenly between the two daughter cells when they separate during anaphase.
Why is the spindle checkpoint necessary?
|
The microtubules that aren't attached to chromosomes get longer and separate the poles which makes the cell longer.
What do the microtubules do during anaphase?
|
In animal cells, cytokinesis is contractile and pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, the cell plate forms in the middle and splits the daughter cells.
How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells.
|
p53 is a protein that blocks the cell cycle if there is damaged DNA. If the damage can't be fixed, it can trigger apoptosis (cell death).
What is the role of p53 in cell cycle regulation?
|
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