the lesson to be learned or prevailing message

a story that ends the same way it begins

indication or clues of future events

a recollection or return to past events in order to give information

dialogue when a character is talking to him or herself (in their head)

a story in which the main character grows up/ learns/ loses their innocence

the main character in a story that the reader cares most about, this character's conflict is central to the plot

the character or force that challenges the protagonist (the villain)

a characters unrelated random thoughts

a jump forward to actual future events to give information - only can be a flash forward if it's from a flashback