the means through which a message is conveyed

converting your ideas into messages

receiving and interpreting a messages meaning

lets us know how the message was interpreted, a response to a message

any stimulus that can interfere with, or degrade, the quality of the message

includes denotative and connotative meaning

what the message conveys about the relationship between the parties

learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviours a group of people share

include the political, historical, economic and social structures of a society that influence the value hierarchy and affect how we view specific individual characteristics

include demographic characteristics, factors such as personality, and cognitive and physical ability

balance of open-mindedness and critical attitude needed when interpreting others’ messages