•Procedure: examiner palpates medial malleoi (check leve), apply traction while patient moves supine → sitting
•(+) test: uneven medial malleoli in sitting position
•Implications: test leg is side of pain; shorter MM=anterior rotation; longer MM=posterior

•Etiology: usually in distance runners; caused by repetitive cyclical forces created by GRFs can damage pelvis and proximal femur. More common in women than men. Common sites: inferior pubic ramus, femoral neck, subtrochanteric area of the femur
•Signs/Sy

•Etiology: contusion of iliac crest or abdominal musculature; causes severe pinching action to the soft tissue
•Signs/Symptoms: immediate pain, spasm, transitory paralysis of soft structures; athlete is unable to rotate trunk or flex thigh without pain
•M

30 degrees
Patient Position: prone

•Procedure: place hands over medial ASIS bilaterally and push outward with arms crossed
•(+) test: SI, gluteal, or posterior leg pain
•Implications: SI dysfunction (anterior SI ligaments)

•Procedure: examiner applies direct pressure with thumb over lateral femoral condyle or 1-2 cm superior, then lower knee into extension, while maintaining pressure
•(+) test: pain over lateral femoral condyle at 30° (IT band passes over femoral condyle)
•

•Etiology: usually only the result of traumatic force directed along long axis of femur when knee is bent
•Signs/Symptoms: patient presents with flexed, adducted, & IR thigh; often associated torn capsular and ligamentous tissue along wit

•Etiology: common in young female dancers, gymnasts, and hurdlers; habitual movements lead to muscular imbalances around the hip (ER and flexion repeatedly). Condition is related to a structurally narrow pelvic width, greater ROM of hip ABD, and less ROM

40-50 degrees
Patient Position: supine/sitting

•Procedure: place test leg in figure-4 position, stabilize opposing ASIS, push test leg into ABD toward table
•(+) test: pain in SI or groin
•Implications: SI pain=SI dysfunction; groin pain=iliopsoas tightness or spasm

•Procedure: examiner passively ABD & extends upper leg while slowly lowering leg to table
oKnee flexed: TFL test; knee extended: IT band test
•(+) test: leg does not adduct to parallel and touch table
•Implications: TFL tightness or IT band tightness

Etiology/Common sites: ischial tuberosity (hamstring attachment), AIIS (rectus femoris attachment), ASIS (sartorius attachment). Sports with sudden accelerations/decelerations (football, soccer, basketball) may result in a fracture or apophysitis
•Signs/S

•Etiology: avascular necrosis of the femoral head; occurs in children 4-10 years (boys more commonly). Due to disruption of circulation at the femoral head, articular cartilage becomes necrotic and flattens
•Signs/Symptoms: pain groin that refers to abdom

35 degrees
Patient Position: supine/sitting

•Procedure: patient lowers leg into hyperextension, examiner provides overpressure on flexed leg – causes anterior pelvic rotation on hyperextended leg and posterior pelvic rotation on opposite leg (rotary stress at SI joint)
•(+) test: pain in SI region

•Procedure: rotate hip until greater trochanter is parallel with tabletop; maintain hip and measure angle of tibia relative to vertical
•Implications: anteversion: > 15°; retroversion: < 15°

Etiology: temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to proximal femur. Causes include hip dislocation (lateral circumflex artery can be compromised) and risk factors (steroid use, blood coagulation disorders, excessive alcohol use) create increased pres

•Etiology: occurs mostly in boys ages 10-17 years who are characteristically tall & thin or obese; femoral head slippage posteriorly and inferiorly
•Signs/Symptoms: pain in groin, hip and knee pain during active and passive motion, limited ABD, flexion, a

20-30 degrees
Patient Position: supine, opposite leg abducted to 40 degrees

•Procedure: apply compression through long axis of femur and repeatedly IR/ER at multiple hip flexion angles
•(+) test: deep pain in hip joint
•Implications: possible articular surface damage to femoral head or acetabulum (OCD, arthritis, labral tear)

•Procedure: passively flex hip to patient’s chest, while test leg remains on table
•(+) test: test leg raises off table (hip flexion) or increased lumbar lordotic curve (anterior pelvic tilt) or test leg goes into knee extension
•Implications: iliopsoas t

•Etiology: most common in distance running, soccer, football, wrestling – repetitive stress on pubic symphysis and adjacent bony structures caused by the pull of muscles in area creates a chronic inflammatory condition
•Signs/Symptoms: pain in groin and a

•Etiology: _______ or could also be inflammation at the site where the gluteus medius inserts or where the IT band passes over the greater trochanter
•Signs/Symptoms: pain in lateral hip that may radiate down the knee, tenderness over lateral aspect of gr

120-140 degrees
Patient Position: supine