Aging changes can contribute to incontinence, urinary frequency and constipation

Discrimination against someone because of their age;most often toward older individuals

This theory suggest the body is similar to a machine. General use of the body has caused breakdown

development of new facts or concepts and building on or applying knowledge to new situations

A tendency to view their own way of life as more valuable than others

An important way to reduce and reverse physical decline

A condition affecting an individual throughout their lifetime. It affects every aspect of their life in some way

A person ages they become less engaged in society and society withdraws from the older person

developing physical skills from simple to complex actions

Treating people unfairly on the basis of their group membership

This includes the older adults attitudes, perception of abilities, body image, identity, general sense of worth and emotional pattern

Loss of a work role and often an individuals first experience of the impact of aging

This theory states that an older person should remain functional and deny the existence of old age as long as possible

recognition of values, religious and spiritual beliefs, family interaction patterns, personal attitudes that affect decision

Process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the attitudes and customs of the mainstream culture

If the relationship or family changes a person's self perception can be changed

Empowering clients to be active members in their own chronic care

This theory states that personality and basic behaviour patterns remain mostly unchanged throughout the lifespan

ability to access, understand and act on information for health

Use their own values and ways of life as the absolute guides in providing services to clients and interpreting their behaviours

As people age they desire to become more in touch with their spirituality

Involves knowledge and skills from all disciplines to meet the needs of a client spiritually, physically, mentally and socially

Self-perpetuating genetic mutations causes organ decline and aging

helps nurse recognize and use methods of learning that involve the individual as an active participant

Examination of cultural care practices, values and beliefs of individuals, families and communities