A compressional wave that slows down as it travels through the outer core.

The current scale used to calculate earthquake energy release.

The type of volcano characterized by layers of pyroclastic material and intermediate-felsic lavas.

The process rocks undergo when the melting curve and the geotherm overlap.

Determined by where people live, how many people live in a certain area, and the preparedness and vulnerability of the population.

The primary volcanic hazard affiliated with effusive volcanism.

The layer important for plate tectonics also known as the "low velocity zone".

The plate boundary where all megathrust earthquakes occur.

The material property of molten materials dictated primarily by silica content and temperature.

An area 103-180 geocentric degrees from the focus of an earthquake where direct seismic waves do not arrive.

A seismic signature characterized by shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes progressively farther from the trench.

The type of volcanic rock with an aphanitic and phaneritic textures infer to be created by multi-stage cooling.

The physical state Earth's layer where the geotherm exceeds the melting curve and only direct P-wave move through.

This is used to estimate the statistically likelihood of a specific magnitude event and is inversely related to frequency and proportional to magnitude.

The type of volcanic eruption from magmas/lavas with 65% silica, extrusion temperatures of 600 degrees C, and 10% gas content.