penned Proposals Relating to the Youth of Pennsylvania, suggesting a new kind of secondary school to replace the Latin grammar school- the academy.

Congress authorized funds to provide relevant instruction to non-English speaking students, most of whom where failing high school.

schools that women opened in their homes to teach girls and boys to read and write.

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex. The regulation is comprehensive and protects the rights of both males and females from preschool through graduate school, in sports, financial aid, employment, counseling, school regulations and policies, admissions, and other areas.

The first Italian woman to receive a medical degree. Then went through a lecture tour in Italy on the subject of the "new woman." She established a system of childhood education based on natural and spontaneous activities in which the students learned at their own pace.

provides medical, social, nutritional, and educational services for low-income children 3 to 6 years of age.

where boys who could afford to pay for their education would be sent.

in 1833 crandall a Quaker schoolmistress in Canterbury Connecticut announced that she would admit black girls into her school, the townspeople didn't like this and tried every way to prosecute her. She opened the school anyway and the townspeople vandalized the school and she got arrested, after two trials she gave up and moved to Illinois.

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states.

often referred to as the "father of public schools;" the nation's leading advocate for the establishment of common school open to all. Today, the common school is known as the elementary school. He helped create the Massachusetts State Board of Education and became secretary in 1837. He made an effort to reform education, believing that public education should serve as both practical and idealistic goals. Public schools should help us identify and nurture the talents in poor as well as wealthy children. However, his program caused waves, igniting a dispute over the role of religion in schools. He waged battles for high-quality schools as well.

provided funds for teacher training and program development in vocational education at the high school level.

teacher-training schools.

was a leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

segregation that is imposed by law or official action.

This person is known as the "father of kindergarten" and believed in a play based environment; developed "gifts" which were hands-on materials for children; focused on strong family involvement.

provided financial assistance to school districts wht low-income families, to improve libraries and instructional materials, and to promote educational innovations and research; in the 1970's, this legislation was expanded to include funding for bilingual and Native American education, drug education, and school lunch and breakfast programs.

A free secondary school designed to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college.

profiled for confounding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and his effort to encourage black Americans to pursue higher education.

segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law.

profiled for his contributions to moral development in education and for his creation of structured methodology of instruction.

stated that public land that was won in the war would be sold to individuals, and that the money would be used for public schools

established a non-religious influence and offering a variety of practical subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, athletics, navigation, dramatics, and bookkeeping. Students were able to choose their own courses, thus setting the precedent for elective courses and programs at the secondary schools.

profiled for his contributions to the vocational education of black Americans and for establishing Tuskegee University.

is the title of the 1983 report of American President Ronald Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education. Its publication is considered a landmark event in modern American educational history. Among other things, the report contributed to the ever-growing (and still present) sense that American schools are failing miserably, and it touched off a wave of local, state, and federal reform efforts.