During this difficult time for Parisians, they were forced to eat dogs, cats, rats, and even the zoo!

This process, undertaken by French revolutionaries during the First Republic, involved secularizing rituals, establishing a cult of reason, and destroying some Christian sites.

This French social theorist demanded that the government establish national workshops that would be owned by the workers themselves

This French regime, established after WWII, featured a strong legislature and was unable to handle the crisis created by the Algerian War.

This process marked a shift from an agrarian, local, labor-intensive economy to one dominated by machine manufacture, specialization of tasks, factories and cities, and a worldwide market

This conflict, which resulted in the loss of Alsace and Lorraine for France, resulted in the creation of a unified German state

This was an urban renovation project that was commissioned by Napoleon III and included an expansion of the park system and the widening of Parisian streets into boulevards

Baron Haussmann hired this engineer to re-design Paris’s sewer system so that it contained separate systems for eliminating waste and bringing in potable water

This regime included the reigns of Louis XVIII and his more conservative brother, Charles X

This French leader won the presidential election in 1848 thanks to his name, which symbolized stability and imperial glory

On June 18, 1940, this French general made a radio broadcast from London calling on French people to continue resistance to German invasion, but very few people actually heard him

This set of laws unified and standardized local law codes, but also sharply curtailed women’s rights.

This German Jewish immigrant produced a series of operettas, including La belle Hélène, that exemplified the image of Paris as the capital of gaiety, fashion, and pleasure

Napoleon Bonaparte took part in this coup d’état, which toppled the Directory and instituted the Consulate

This incident showed the rise of anti-Semitism in French society and created a new spirit of anti-militarism on the left

This French general, known as the “hero of Verdun” helped restore order to the military in 1916 after a series of mutinies.

This Minister of Education under the Third Republic made primary education free and compulsory for every child in France

This psychiatrist from Martinique argued that violence is inherent in the colonial project and that Europeans wanted to unveil Algerian women as a way of breaking resistance to French rule

This was the slogan introduced by the Vichy regime in 1940 and symbolized the National Revolution it sought to carry out

This was a period of unprecedented economic growth that lasted from the end of the war to the mid-1970s in France

This line of fortifications that the French built after WWI along the borders with Germany and Italy was actually a very modern defense system, but not at all effective in the context of motorized warfare

This reform, undertaken by the First Republic during the period of “the terror”, fixed the price of wheat and other food staples and won the support of the revolutionary masses

This scholar gave a lecture entitled, “What is a nation?”, at the Sorbonne in 1882

This is where victorious allies met to establish the political landscape of post-Napoleonic Europe

This is a nickname given by historians to the large department stores that opened up during the Third Empire and were especially designed for bourgeois women, who could stroll in perfect respectability and comfort