| ETC | Photosynthesis | Cell Cycle | Cell Cycle | DNA Replication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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It travels on the intermembrane space side of the inner membrane.
Which side of the membrane does Cytochrome C travel on?
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Electrons absorb light and get excited. They can go from the excited state back to a resting state. The excess energy is released as heat or light (fluorescence).
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, just changed in form.
What is fluorescence? How does it relate to the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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G2 phase. Cytoplasm increases during G2 as well in preparation for cytokinesis.
During which phase in interphase do organelles replicate?
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This is the phase that nondividing cells are in. Cells enter this phase when they don't pass through G1 checkpoint.
Explain G0 phase.
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FtsZ ring. Similar to actin-myosin ring in animals.
In bacteria, what is the name of the structure that causes cytokinesis?
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Protons are concentrated in the intermembrane space. ATP is produced in the mitochondrial matrix.
Where are protons concentrated?
Where specifically in the mitochondria is ATP generated? |
Photosystem 2 oxidizes water. Water becomes oxygen in the thylakoid lumen.
NADP+ reductase reduces NADP+ to form NADPH on the stroma side of the membrane.
Which system oxidizes water? Where does this take place?
Which system forms NADPH. Where does this take place? |
G1 phase
During which phase of interphase does your cells spend the most time in?
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Independent assortment is the random arrangement of the chromosomes of a bivalent on the metaphase plate. It occurs during metaphase I.
What is independent assortment and when does it occur?
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Single stranded binding proteins stabilize the opened helix, making sure that the two separated strands do not close back together.
What is the role of SSBPs?
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Coenzyme Q
Which shuttle is key in developing the proton gradient?
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Fixation of CO2. Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P. Regeneration of RuBP from G3P.
5 carbons in RuBP. 3 in G3P.
What are the three stages of the Calvin Cycle?
How many carbons are in RuBP and G3P? |
Chromosomes have replicated successfully and DNA is undamaged.
Activated mpf is present.
Cells can pass G2 checkpoint only if...
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In anaphase I, bivalents split. In anaphase II, sister chromatids split.
What is the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II?
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It lays down RNA primer that supplies the free 3' -OH group which the first DNA nucleotide is added on to.
Why is primase important?
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Coenzyme Q transports electrons through the inner membrane. It transfers electrons from Complex 1 to Complex 3 and electrons from Complex 2 to Complex 3.
What is Coenzyme Q's role in the ETC?
What does it carry and where does it carry it? |
2 molecules of G3P are needed to make one molecule of glucose, so 2 cycles.
6 ATP and 6 NADPH are needed for the reduction phase. 3 ATP are needed for generation. 2 cycles means 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
How many cycles of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one molecule of glucose?
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are needed then? |
The nuclear envelope breaks down. Microtubules connect to kinetochores.
What happens during prometaphase?
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Homologs are chromosomes of the same type. Same genes, but can have different alleles. Sister chromatids are formed when a chromosome replicates. They are identical; same genes, same alleles.
What are homologs? What are sister chromatids
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DNA polymerase III synthesizes both the leading and lagging strands.
DNA polymerase I removes primer and replaces it with DNA.
What is the difference between DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III?
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OIL RIG
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, so electrons are lost. Oxygen accepts electrons to become water.
Which molecules are oxidized in the ETC?
Which molecule is the final electron acceptor? |
Plastiquinone is located within the thylakoid membrane. Plastocyanin runs along the thylakoid lumen side of the membrane. Ferredoxin runs along the stroma side of the membrane.
Where are plastiquinone, plastocyanin, and ferredoxin located along/within the thylakoid membrane?
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Animals: actin-myosin ring creates a cleavage furrow. Cytokinesis goes from out to in.
Plants: vesicles from the Golgi fuse to form a cell plate. Cytokinesis goes from in to out.
What are differences in cytokinesis between animal and plant cells?
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Diploid: two versions of each type of chromosome are present. (Maternal and paternal version).
Haploid: only one copy of each type of chromosome. Cells stay diploid throughout mitosis. Cells go from diploid to haploid once cytokinesis occurs in meiosis I
What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
When do cells go from haploid to diploid in mitosis? in meiosis? |
They are a region of repeating DNA, not genes, at the end of the lagging strand. Telomeres prevent chromosomes from losing genetic information at their ends.
What are telomeres are why are they important?
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