Hobbes and Locke both hailed from this country, whose religious and political upheavals form the background for their political ideas.

Kant hailed from this country, which is now mostly within the modern nation of Germany.

This great-grandson of Louis XIV of France was the reigning king in 1789, when the Revolution began.

This mid 17th century conflict was fought between aristocratic supporters of the king (the "royalists") and Puritan members of Parliament known as the "roundheads."

Accused of writing in support of heliocentrism, he was eventually forced by the Catholic Church to recant his opinion.

Both Hobbes and Locke begin by imagining this, a hypothetical "state" prior to the formation of government. Hobbes described the life of man in it as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Kant defined enlightenment as man's escape from this, a sort of willful ignorance.

The French Revolution began at a meeting of the Estates General, when members of this "estate"--composed on commoners--got locked out of the proceedings and swore an oath to write a new Constitution.

Prior to the upheavals of the 17th century, this idea of sovereign power dominated and tended to support absolutism. It holds that the king's power is granted directly by God. James I wrote a poem about it.

Prior to the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, the fields of philosophy and science (then called "natural philosophy") were dominated by the work of this ancient Greek thinker.

Though Locke followed Hobbes' method, he differed from Locke in asserting that man possessed these, which government was charged with protecting.

Kant argued that if this was granted, enlightenment was sure to follow.

Maximilien Robespierre led this most radical phase of the French Revolution, which lasted from 1793-1794. During this phase, many anti-revolutionaries were executed to protect the gains of the revolution.

The Glorious Revolution ended when this pair ascended to the thrown following a military invasion and the departure of the reigning monarch, Charles II.

Established during the Counter-Reformation, this "holy office" of the Catholic Church was charged with combatting heresy following the Protestant Reformation. Its notorious cruelty fueled the call for religious tolerance during the Enlightenment.

This is the name for the type of political theory invented by Hobbes and adapted by Locke; its name refers to the moment in which humans give up certain rights in order to guarantee their security.

Kant was not an advocate of these, which he believed were too sudden and violent and would therefore only lead to a new state of tyranny. 5 years after Kant's essay, France had one that (arguably) proved Kant's point.

During the French Revolution, a revolt of slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern day Haiti) led the revolutionaries back in France to pass a law abolishing this in France's colonies in 1794.

The English Bill of Rights created a limited monarchy by placing formal limits on the power of the king and giving more rights to this group.

In his 1637 Discourse on the Method, he essentially invented the method of the Enlightenment--rigorous skepticism and reason-based inquiry.

According to Locke, it teaches us (if we will "but consult it") that we should not harm others with respect to their "life, health, liberty or possessions." Locke's idea of natural rights was derived from this.

In "What is Enlightenment," Kant praises his king, Frederick the Great. Frederick is considered this type of monarch--one who extended a great deal of liberty to his subjects (unlike, say, Louis VIV of France).

Though the French Revolution officially ended with Napoleon's rise to absolute power, Napoleon extended many Enlightenment ideas with this set of laws, which was adopted in many European countries and replaced feudalism.

The English Bill of Rights also barred members of this group from ever ascending the throne again in England--a reflection of the uglier, less tolerant side of the supposedly glorious revolution.

This agreement established diplomacy as the preferred method of resolving disputes between European nations and prevented them from interfering with religion in each others' lands. It ended the 30 Years' War.