| Overview of Political Developments/ General Qns | Case Study: Burma | Case Study: Indonesia | Case Study: Philippines | Case Study: Malaya/Malaysia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Democratic political structures & authoritarian governments
What are the two main types of political structures in Southeast Asia (within our syllabus time frame)?
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U Nu
Who was Burma's first prime minister?
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Sukarno
Who was known as the 'Father of the Revolution' in Indonesia?
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1972
In which year did Marcos impose martial law?
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Tunku Abdul Rahman
Who was the leader of the Alliance Party after independence?
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Military regimes, civilian dictatorship, communist regime, monarchy
Name 3 examples of authoritarian forms of government?
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Aung San was assassinated on 19 July 1947 and U Nu was asked to take over leadership
Why did U Nu rise to power as the prime minister?
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1955
In which year did Indonesia first hold their elections?
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Magsaysay
Which leader helped to suppress the Hukbhalahap Rebellion?
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United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) and Malayan Indian Congress (MIC)
Which 3 parties made up the Alliance Party? (full name of each party)
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1st Phase: Formation of democratic governments, 2nd Phase: A trend towards authoritarianism, 3rd Phase: trend of Southeast Asian governments moving back towards democratic rule in some instances
Describe the three general trends in political developments of SEA governments from independence to 2000?
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AFPFL (Anti-fascist people's freedom league), officially split into "stable" and "clean" faction in 1958
What is the full name of AFPFL and in what year did it split into two factions?
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Guided Democracy
What was the name of Sukarno's government after shifting towards authoritarianism in 1957?
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Marcos
Which leader spent around US$50 million for his re-election campaign in 1969?
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Malaya refers to the independent Federation of Malaya which was established in 1957 upon independence. In 1963, the name of the country was changed to Federation of Malaysia because Singapore and northern Borneo (Sarawak & Sabah of Kalimantan), previously British colonies, joined the new Federation.
What is the difference between "Malaya" and "Malaysia"? (mentioned in the lecture)
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Assessing effectiveness of democratic govts in consolidating power and to evaluate significance of each factor in determining whether SEA governments could consolidate power
What are the two possible question types for the topic?
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Political challenges: Communist Party of Burma, Ethnic minorities (Karen National Defense Organisation), military coup by Ne Win in 1962
Name two political challenges that U Nu's government faced (specific example).
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Between Sukarno and Hatta (tensions within the leadership), and between the support bases (e.g. supporters of hatta were part of the masyumi group which was a reform wing of indo islam while sukarno’s supporter base were from the more traditional muslims)
Elaborate on the two levels of factionalism that existed in Sukarno's government? (specific details needed)
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Elitist nature of Filipino politics, dominated by a few elite families. Electoral system also met with voter intimidation, vote rigging, pork barrelling. There's clear manipulation of electoral processes by vested interests and lacked legitimacy.
Elaborate on the key limitations of Philippines' constitutional processes and elections.
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'Malaysia for Malays' was advocated by Pro-Malay right-wing group to protect the interest of the Malays (in view of Chinese economic dominance). 'Malaysian Malaysia' was campaigned by some groups of Chinese who wanted equality for all citizens regardless of race.
What is the difference between the idea of 'Malaysia for Malays' and ‘Malaysian Malaysia’ (who advocated for each, and what is the aim of it?)
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a) Ability to harness traditional institutions
b) Ability to maintain order and stability c) Ability to promote constitutional forms and practices d) Ability to promote socio-economic development
What are the 4 criterion to assess effectiveness in consolidating power?
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Helped to suppress the communist threat and ethnic rebellions, assumed temporary control after split of AFPFL & rebellions (caretaker government under Ne Win for 18/19 months), launched military coup against U Nu and Ne Win came to power in 1962
Describe the role of the military throughout U Nu's government.
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Using the divisive results of the first Indo elections, Sukarno proposed the idea of setting up a unitary state but this was opposed by those of the outer islands, resulting in regional revolts (e.g. PRRI rebellion 1958)
How did Sukarno justify his move towards a more authoritarian form of govt in 1957?
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Marcos faced various political challenges: ethnic rebellion (Secession in the South -MNLF Rebellion), Communist threat (New People's Army), Inability to promote socio-economic development, rise of benigno aquino as a political rival
How did Marcos justify his move towards a more authoritarian form of govt (New Society)? (specific examples needed)
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Alliance Party won the 1969 elections but tensions between the different racial groups resulted in the May 13 Racial Riots. Govt had to declare a state of emergency.
Why was the National Operations Council formed in 1969-1971?
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