Found districting in AL to be a violation of Equal Protection because it weighed votes differently based on where people lived. Established the 1 Person 1 Vote rule.

Privileges and immunities clause did not protect slaveowners when they took their slaves to free states, as they had the same rights as in-staters, those rights did not extend to the keeping of slaves

RBG came very close to implementing strict scrutiny for sex-based classifications, and found public single-sex education does not meet that standard

Also known as the Steel Seizure case, SCOTUS thwarting Truman's attempt to privatize the steel industry because he lacked an enumerated or broad "emergency" power. Known for a concurring opinion by Judge Jackson describing the operating levels of broad executive powers

Found the Guaranty Clause is nonjusticiable because the question of what is a republican form of government is inherently political

Overturned Virginia's ban on interracial marriages as a violation of equal protection, because it prevented Black people from ever marrying white people and did not meet strict scrutiny

A case is moot when facts have changed that end the immediate controversy, unless there were collateral consequences, the event is likely to repeat without chance to review then, or what changed is someone voluntarily stopped but could resume

Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay's anonymous series of articles meant to convince the people to ratify the new Constitution

Limits the treaty power because it cannot infringe on rights in the Bill of Rights - Constitution remains THE supreme law of the land

Found the RFRA unconstitutional because it was a Congressional overruling of a Supreme Court case; technically, because it was not a "remedial" action because it wasn't sufficiently congruent or proportional to a harm.

The process by which the Constitution became our governing document, it required convincing the people and the states to compromise on a bicameral legislature, a stronger executive, and a not-yet-written Bill of Rights

Holds that the legislative veto is unconstitutional, because it creates a law without that law passing both houses of Congress and being signed by the President, which violates the Constitution's provisions on how laws are created

An anonymous essay on the dangers of an undemocratic branch of the government that has the power to review everything for Constitutionality and thus declare their opinion the supreme law of the land

Requires that Congress make only general laws that apply to all the states. Also keeps states from discriminating against out-of-state contracts

Said non-self-executing treaties cannot be enforced without Congressional legislation, and the Presdient has no power to codify them by executive order

Held that a member of the D.C. bar does not have standing to sue over a Supreme Court justice's qualifications, because he has no concrete or particularized injury

Impeachment proceedings are nonjusticiable because of a textually demonstrable exclusive grant of power to a coequal political department, and there are no judicially manageable standards for resolving it

Two states' attempts at calling the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional, written by Jefferson and Madison

Under the presidential power to accept ambassadors, the Executive branch has the sole power to recognize foreign nations, including whether Jerusalem is part of Israel

Upheld the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, holding "necessary" only means "useful to." Also declared states cannot have the power to destroy a decision of Congress, and thus cannot tax the bank

This was neither a formal nor unequivocal declaration of war, but was used to justify the Vietnam War

The Founding Fathers gathered to write a Constitution with a stronger executive power

In 1789, Congress questioned whether the President had the ability to remove officers, and decided that he does

Held discrimination on the basis of sex to intermediate scrutiny, requiring an important government purpose, which was not met in this case because discrimination was not necessary for driving safety

Permitted Congress to exercise the power of subpoena, because it was necessary and proper for its legislative and oversight functions to conduct fact-finding