Under U.S. law, the principle that a plaintiff in a suit must have a redressable, concrete injury fairly traceable to the defendant

He declared secession could not be legal, holding that the Constitution was intended to make the Union permanent. Also used the Guaranty Clause and the Take Care clause to say he would continue enforcing the law in all the states, as it was his duty

Outlaws discrimination in civil rights between in-staters and out-of-staters by the states

Contains due process clause, privileges and immunities clause, equal protection clause, and more.

Gives Congress the power to enact taxes and duties, but all direct taxes must be apportioned equally to the states

Based on natural rights, declared U.S. independence from Great Britain

Refused to give Dred Scott his freedom, both by declaring he had no standing because Black people cannot ever be U.S. citizens or even people. Also said Congress could not outlaw slavery in the territories, because the Territories clause only applied to territories that existed at the time of the Constitution

a case is ripe if the record is mostly questions of law, rather than fact, and there is a likelihood of hardship without court consideration.

Created the substantial effects doctrine to allow regulation of minimum wage, other intrastate working conditions, and upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act

Vests in Congress all legislative powers herein granted

The nondelegration doctrine case about sentencing commission guidelines, where SCOTUS held delegation was permissible because it was practical and there was enough principle there to guide

SCOTUS ruled states cannot impose term limits for election of Congressional representatives, because they have no power to add to the Constitution's Qualifications Clause, and the power to elect is meant to belong to the people

Restricted the privileges and immunities clause to only those privileges and immunities of national citizenship, not state.

Asks whether a case is nonjusticiable because the controversy is between the political branches of the government

Upheld segregation under the claim of "separate but equal" for railroad cars, claiming that separate does not necessarily mean inferior

Permitted the Congressional subpoena power to be as far as its right to legislate

Lincoln's Proclamation that freed the slaves only in rebeblling territories, under his power to make war as Commander-in-Chief

Case saying the President does not have the power to remove officers from independent agencies, such as the FTC, as they have functions beyond the executive powers

Prosecution under the Sedition Act for criticizing the government, where the judge held the acts constitutional

Overturned a state ban on teaching languages before high school, because it violated the student, parent, and teacher's rights to liberty

This case established that the courts have the right to review legislative acts for constitutionality, and did it all in dicta

The original U.S. governing document, it functioned more as a treaty, with a weak central government, and more or less legally ended at the Constitutional Convention

Necessary and proper has often been interpreted as "convenient" or "useful to" the enumerated power it is being used to suppoort

George Washington proclaiming that the U.S. was neutral in the England/France war and asserting his right to prosecute any who went against that neutrality

Hamilton believed necessary and proper allowed a bank because a bank was convenient for Congress's money-related powers, but Madison disagreed, believing it was so important it would have needed to be an independent power