Invented a lightweight plow made of steel that could be pulled by a horse.

Device that sends electrical signals along a wire.

Ran a successful sailmaking business in Philidelphia as an African American.

Person who enters a country in order to settle there.

Severe shortage of food.

Launched the Rainbow, the first of the clipper ships, in 1845.

Fast-sailing ship of the mid-1800s.

A Massachusetts lawyer and judge who presented cases to the Supreme Court as an African American.

Person with a trade, such as a carpenter, a printer, or a shoemaker.

Person who does a job that requires little or no special training.

Received a patent for a telegraph in 1844. On May 24, 1844, this telegraph was set up in the Supreme Court chamber in Washington, and it worked.

A new political party formed by nativists in the 1850s, named after the phrase many of the members used to avoid exposing any secrets of the meetings and rituals.

Association of workers formed to win better wages and working conditions.

Refusal by union workers to do their jobs until their demands are met.

Opened a factory in Chicago that manufactured mechanical reapers in 1847. The reaper was a horse-drawn machine that mowed wheat and other grains.

Organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in the 1840s, which gathered signatures for a petition to the state legislature demanding a 10-hour day.

Person who wanted to limit immigration and preserve the United States for native-born white Americans.

Policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people.

Built the sewing machine in 1846, which could sew a piece of clothing faster than five seamstresses combined. He even won against a Boston clothing maker in a competition to see whether the machine or the seamstresses would make it quicker.