Fracture involves the dens & can extend into the lateral masses of arches of C1

Fracture of the anterior arch of C2 owing to hyperextension

A burst fracture of the vertebral arch resulting from a severe axial force that causes compression, such as a diving accident. Comminuted fracture of the ring of C1

Avulsion fracture of the spinous process in the lower cervical and upper thoracic region

Compression with hyperflexion in the cervical region. The vertebral body is comminuted with triangular fragments avulsed from the anteroinferior border & fragments from the posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal