| Development | Important Names in Development | Psychotherapy |
|---|---|---|
|
What is B. Separation anxiety
At 9 months old, infants have developed object permanence, which is knowing objects exist even when it is out of sight. This enables an infant to form attachments. Infants also start to develop stranger anxiety and night-wakings because they can think of and miss their caregivers. Object constancy, which is understanding that objects will reappear and having the memory to retrieve it any time, also begins.
A 9-month-old girl is brought to the clinic for a routine health visit. She has been healthy with no significant past medical history. Her mother states that she starts looking for her toys even when they are out of sight. She can sit well and pulls to stand. She can also say mama and dada. Which of the following is an expected finding at this age?
A. Temper tantrums B. Separation anxiety C. Aggression D. Self-identity outside of the family E. Symbolic pretend play |
Who is D. Winnicott
This concept is based on the understanding that the mother plays a vital role in bringing the world to the infant and offering empathic anticipation of the infant's needs. If she does these things well enough the baby will move toward the development of a healthy sense of self.
Who developed the theory of "good enough mothering"?
A. Piaget B. Freud C. Mahler D. Winnicott E. Erikson |
What is D. Cognitive distortion
Aaron Beck is the originator of cognitive behavioral therapy. In this theory, patients' assumptions affect their cognitions, which in turn affect their mood.
How would Beck describe the problem found in depression?
A. Learned helplessness B. Not good enough mothering C. Neurochemical imbalance D. Cognitive distortion E. Lack of social skills |
|
What is D. 4 years old
The child is 4 years old or 48 months old. At 4 years, the expected milestones include climbing the stairs with alternating feet without support, hop and stand on one foot up to 2 seconds, drawing a person with at least 3 body parts, draw a simple cross, use 4-word sentences, has a vocabulary of 1,000 words, and uses words that are 100% intelligible to others. Children at this age can also dress and undress without much help.
A young boy is brought to the clinic for a routine check-up. He has a past medical history of atopic dermatitis. The father states that his son has been very active, he hops, walks up and down the stairs with alternating feet, and has started to like drawing. He can dress and undress without much help and uses 4-word sentences. Which of the following is the most likely age of this child?
A. 1 year old B. 2 years old C. 3 years old D. 4 years old E. 5 years old |
What is C. Conservation
During the concrete operations stage the child begins to deal with information outside of him- or herself and to see things from others' perspectives. The child also develops conservation, which is the idea that although objects may change, they can maintain characteristics that allow them to be recognized as the same (for example, different leaves may be different shapes and colors but are all leaves). The concept of reversibility is also understood at this stage. It says that things can change form and shape and then go back again (for example, ice to water to ice).
Piaget's stage of concrete operations includes which one of the following?
A. Identity versus role confusion B. Good enough mothering C. Conservation D. Inductive reasoning E. Object permanence |
What is E. Seeking for synthesis between seemingly contradictory ideas and emotions
The "dialectical" in dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) refers to the way in which it uses a broad way of thinking that emphasizes the limitations of linear ideas about causation. It substitutes "both/and" for "either/or" and sees truth as an evolving product of the opposition of different views. The use of dialectical ideas in DBT arises largely from the clinical observation of the mixed and shifting nature of human emotion and experience in general and in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in particular.
When dialectical behavioral therapy is used to treat patients with borderline personality disorder, the word "dialectical" refers to therapeutic strategies focused on:
A. Alleviating psychic tension between the id and its fantasies and the superego and its responsibilities B. Going over traumatic events and analyzing their impact on the patient C. Reframing cognitive distortions and finding underlying mechanisms to negative thoughts D. Role playing that seeks to improve the patient's interpersonal relationships E. Seeking for synthesis between seemingly contradictory ideas and emotions |
|
What is D. He may have a language disorder and should be further evaluated.
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the office by concerned parents. According to the parents, the boy can say approximately 30-40 words. He can walk upstairs, jump, build a 6-block tower, and follow short commands. The mother adds that he has always been a happy kid who enjoys being with his family. He also plays with other kids but he doesn't speak that much. His siblings started using sentences by age of 2. The mother asks if there is something wrong with him. How would you address the parent's concerns?
A. His speech delay raises concern for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), so should be evaluated further. B. There is nothing to worry about; his developmental milestones are within the normal range. C. Every child is different, he should be re-evaluated next year. D. He may have a language disorder and should be further evaluated. E. This is selective mutism and can be easily treated. |
What is E. Acceptance
The child protests the mother's departure by crying, calling out, and searching for her. The second stage is despair and pain. The child loses faith that the mother will return. The third stage is detachment and denial of affection to the mother figure upon her return.
Bowlby's stages of childhood attachment disorder, after a lengthy departure of the child's mother, do not include which one of the following?
A. Protest B. Despair C. Detachment D. Denial of affection E. Acceptance |
What is C. Transference on the part of the patient
The patient is reenacting her relationship with her mother with the therapist. The therapist is not rejecting the patient; her schedule does not allow her to meet three times per week. Nor is there evidence to suggest that countertransference on the part of the therapist is the issue here.
A female therapist is doing psychodynamic psychotherapy with a 29-year-old woman. She has been discussing issues surrounding her marriage and her relationship with her mother, who was distant emotionally when the patient was growing up. The patient becomes angry with the therapist when she requests therapy sessions three times per week and the therapist states that she cannot accommodate that with her schedule. She accuses the therapist of disliking her. This is an example of which of the following?
A. Rejection by the therapist B. Delusion of an erotomanic nature C. Transference on the part of the patient D. A precursor to stalking by the patient E. Displacement of anger onto the therapist |
|
What is A. Gross Motor: Normal, Fine motor: Normal, Cognitive: Normal
Normal gross motor, fine motor, and cognitive is the correct answer. On examination, this infant demonstrates appropriate motor and cognitive developmental skills for a 6-month-old. A healthy 6-month-old baby should be able to sit momentarily on propped hands, transfer objects from hand to hand, and respond to name. Infants also develop stranger anxiety at this age. Primitive reflexes (e.g., moro, grasp) disappear by the age of 4-6 months as the infant initiates purposeful movements of the extremities. The tongue protrusion reflex also disappears by 4 months, allowing for coordination to ingest solid foods at age 4-6 months. The Babinski reflex (the toes fan out after the sole of the foot is firmly stroked) is the only primitive reflex that may persist in healthy children up to 2 years but can disappear by 12 months.
A 6-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a routine well-child examination. He has been breastfeeding well and recently started solid foods. He is at the 40th percentile for length, 50th percentile for weight, and 60th percentile for head circumference. On examination, the baby sits on propped hands. He transfers his bottle from his right to the left hand. He turns and smiles when his father calls his name, revealing a mandibular central incisor. He does not pull to a stand. Moro and grasp reflexes are absent. Babinski sign is positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment of this child's development?
A. Gross Motor: Normal, Fine motor: Normal, Cognitive: Normal B. Gross Motor: Delayed, Fine motor: Delayed, Cognitive: Delayed C. Gross Motor: Delayed, Fine motor: Normal, Cognitive: Delayed D. Gross Motor: Delayed, Fine motor: Normal, Cognitive: Normal E. Gross Motor: Normal, Fine motor: Delayed, Cognitive: Delayed |
What is C. Rapprochement
Normal autism, lasting from birth to 2 months. In this stage the baby spends more time asleep than awake. Symbiosis, from 2 to 5 months. In this stage the baby is developing the ability to distinguish the inner from the outer world. The child perceives itself as being part of a single entity with its mother. Differentiation, from 5 to 10 months. Here the child is drawn further into the outside world and begins to distinguish itself from its mother. Practicing is from 10 to 18 months and is characterized by the baby's ability to move independently and explore the outside world. Rapprochement between 18 and 24 months. In rapprochement the child's independence vacillates with its need for its mother. The child moves away from the mother, then quickly returns for reassurance. Object constancy, from 2 to 5 years. In this stage the child understands the permanence of other people, even when they are not present.
A small child is in the park with her mother. As the two interact, the child goes off to play for a brief time, then returns to her mother, then goes off to play, then returns to her mother. The child continues this pattern, regularly checking to see that her mother is still there. She would best fit into which one of Mahler's stages of separation–individuation?
A. Normal autism B. Symbiosis C. Rapprochement D. Practicing E. Object constancy |
Who is A. Melanie Klein
Object relations theory is best represented by the work of Melanie Klein. Object relations theory is known for the schizoid, paranoid, and depressive positions as well as tension between the true and the false self.
Which of the following is most associated with object relations theory?
A. Melanie Klein B. Carl Jung C. Jean Baker Miller D. Anna Freud E. Sigmund Freud |
|
What is B. Seizure disorder
Absence spells in school can masquerade as inattention. The child is then frustrated by his inability to grasp explanations or follow directions, developing a secondary behavior disorder. An EEG will often reveal characteristic seizure-related abnormalities. Both oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder require a 6-to-12 month history of negativistic or socially deviant behaviors before they can be diagnosed. Intermittent explosive disorder can be diagnosed in children but the question describes chronic irritability and learning problems. A language disorder alone wouldn't cause the level of agitation described and would also not cause intermittent issues with missing instructions.
A 6-year-old boy has just started first grade. He is being referred because he has been manifesting agitation, frustration, and some hyperactivity. His teacher has reported to his parents that he wants very much to attend and learn but seems to miss important instructions or concepts at times while grasping others easily. He then has outbursts in class that are disruptive. His parents report this as new behavior. In addition to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, differential diagnosis should also include which one of the following disorders?
A. Conduct disorder B. Seizure disorder C. Oppositional defiant disorder D. Intermittent explosive disorder E. Language disorder |
What is C. Latency is marked by a sharp increase in sexual interest
The phallic stage is followed by latency, during which there is a decrease in sexual interest and energy. Latency lasts from age 5 years until puberty. It is a period of consolidating and integrating previous development in psychosexual functioning and developing adaptive patterns of functioning.
Which one of the following is false regarding Freud's theories of human development?
A. During development, sexual energy shifts to different areas of the body that are usually associated with eroticism B. The anal phase is from 1 to 3 years of age C. Latency is marked by a sharp increase in sexual interest D. Freud thought that resolution of his stages was essential to normal adult functioning E. The phallic stage is from 3 to 5 years of age |
What is A. Cognitive distortions
Symptoms are linked to one of four interpersonal problem areas, including grief, interpersonal deficits, interpersonal role disputes, and role transitions.
Which one of the following is not a major problem area addressed by interpersonal psychotherapy?
A. Cognitive distortions B. Grief and loss C. Role transitions D. Relational role disputes E. Social deficits |
Support Us on Ko-fi