This disease is associated with a catarrhal stage in which flu-like symptoms appear, and is a highly infectious period typically lasting 1-2 weeks.
[Bonus: Describe what this pathogen looks like and what type of media it grows on.]

This gram-negative, aerobic bacteria is associated with a severe ventilator-acquired pneumonia and grows well at 42 C.
[Bonus: Name another gram negative rod that we learned about which is also associated with ventilators and hospital acquired pneumonias?]

Fluoroquinolones mechanism of action.
[Bonus: What black-box warning is there for fluoroquinolones and in whom is it contraindicated and not recommended?]

Function of PA and PB proteins of influenza virus and site of replication.
[Bonus: What triggers the antiviral state and what does it do to fight viral infection?]

This pathogen is the #1 cause of neonatal pneumonia and is often transmitted from an infected mother as the baby exits the vaginal canal.
[Bonus: Name its family or group.]

What sign/symptom of Haemophilus influenzae b is a medical emergency if identified in children?
[Bonus: Name one virulence factor specific to Hib and what it does.]

This facultative intracellular organism contributes to severe pneumonias, and a mild bronchitis that may become a necrotizing pneumonia in CF patients.
[Bonus: Would the pneumonia caused by this organism present with consolidation? What type of sound is heard on percussion?]

What class(es) of drugs is NOT a choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Choose all that apply.
Aminoglycosides;
1st-2nd gen cephalosporins
3-5th generation cephalosporins
Macrolides
Monobactams
SMX-TMP
Tetracyclines
Vancomycin
[Bonus: Pseudomonas and what other gram negative organism can be treated with Piperacillin,Tigeracillin, or carbapenems?]

Of the following, this is NOT an acute cause of cough.
Rhinosinusitis
Bronchitis
Heart failure
GERD
Pulmonary embolism
[Bonus: Name the infectious or post-infectious bacteria causes of chronic cough - there are four?]

Antigenic drift or antigenic shift? This is responsible for annual epidemics and the reason for updating the flu vaccine every year.
[Bonus: Why does influenza have high mutation rate (1) and the ability to cross genomes (animal to human and vice versa) - (2) ?]

Children at daycare centers in the United States have a high rate of infection of this respiratory negative-strand virus, especially in the winter.
[Bonus: Name the cytokine that is responsible for severe disease of this virus.]

This motile opportunistic pathogen causes an atypical pneumonia and secretes its virulence factors using a type 4 secretion system.
[Bonus: Name the virulence factors that are unique to its pathogenesis. What is the difference between type 3 and type 4 secretion systems?]

Main effect of palivizumab and site of action?
[Bonus: Is this active or passive immunization, natural or artificial, and who is likely to receive it?]

While a majority of pneumonias are of viral etiology, the most common bacterial pneumonia infecting healthy individuals is Streptococcus pneumonia. It causes the following [image] presentation on X-Ray, termed what?


[Bonus: Name a virulence factor that is capable of escaping humoral immune responses and name two virulence factors that can evade complement/phagocytosis.]

This form of an intracellular bacteria can survive harsh environmental conditions and is highly infectious.
[Bonus: When taken up by a host cell, what process does this form of bacteria prevent from happening within the host?]

This pathogen is associated with transmission in areas such as prisions and schools, same thing basically.
[Bonus: What type of pneumonia does it cause and name its metabolically active form.]

This immunoglobulin exerts an antiviral effect by preventing virus from infecting the mucosal cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
[Bonus: Describe the effects of deficiency of this immunoglobulin in an individual and what clinical manifestations it might have (diseases, lab testing results, precautions)]

This class of drug is first-line for the treatment of whooping cough.
[Bonus: Name the one that even babies are allowed to take and which ones are contraindicated for infants.]

The adaptive immune response to viral infections is a delayed response mediated by cytotoxic T-cells that takes place in response to stimulation by this type of molecule/signal. [Specifically the killing response]
[Bonus: What can viruses do in cells to evade the adaptive immune response? What innate response can still occur to overcome this viral evasion mechanism?]

This non-seasonal virus has had outbreaks in military barracks, daycare centers, and hospital wards and can cause either upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms.
[Bonus: What type of genetic material does this virus have and does vaccination exist for its strains? What other bug has had outbreaks in military quarters?]

This highly contagious virus, whose hallmark symptom is croup, uses the following virulence mechanisms to gain entry into cells.
[Bonus: Name the seasons that this virus is commonly present.]

This/these type II secreted virulence factors cause lung parenchymal damage and hemorrhagic lesions in Pseudomonas infected individuals, and chronically infected patients will form antibodies to them.
[Bonus: Name the major virulence factor in patients with cystic fibrosis and its mechanism.]

Mechanism of action of baloxavir marboxil.
[Bonus: What antiviral drug has high rates of resistance and is no longer used for the treatment of the flu?]

In the following gross lung specimen [picture] this type of pathology has caused the following consolidations and is due to what pathological process?
[Bonus: Describe the typical location characteristics of this disease presentation]

A 35 year alcoholic male with a history of seizures is admitted with a three week history of fever, generalized weakness, poor appetite, and cough productive of green, foul - smelling sputum. On physical examination, the temperature is 100.3 degrees P. pulse is 96 beats per minute, respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute, and BP is 120/80 mm. There are many missing teeth with gingivitis and dental caries. He has rales and decreased breath sounds over the right base. Chest x-ray [image] shows consolidation in the superior segment of the right lower lobe. You identify this as aspiration pneumonia which is typically caused by what type of bacteria?
[Bonus: If the X-Ray had shown swelling in the area posterior/deep to the pharyngeal space, there was severe pain while moving the head/neck, and the patient was found to have had an object stuck up deep in his nose, what life-threatening emergency is he at risk for? Who is more at risk for this from an upper respiratory infection?]