N=No2^n and n=3.3(logN-logNo)

Pili - Attachment
Flagella - Motility; controlled by chemotaxis

2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP (4 total ATP but 2 are used for the first phase of glycolysis (Glucose to G3P))

1.) The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.
2.) The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.
3.) The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host.
4.) The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.

An endospore is an "escape pod" for the genetic material of a gram + bacterium in which a compartment for the DNA will be made when the mother cell is in distress and could possibly die due to being in an environment lacking in essential needs like nutrients or correct temperature/pH.

A form of asexual reproduction seen in bacteria, and the steps are : 1.) Replication Stage 2.) Growth Stage 3.) Segregation Stage 4.) Splitting

Transpeptidation; Penicillin

The production and distribution of electrons for electron carriers to power the ETS/ETC, and the final products are 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

The product of the ocular magnification and the objective magnification; through the refractive indexes of curved glass.

1.) Bacillus (strepto- and diplo-)
2.) Spirochete (vibrio or comma-shaped, spirillum or a thick and rigid spiral, and spirochete or just a flexible spiral)
3.) Coccus ( strepto-, staphylo-, diplo-, tetrad and sarcina)

Selective: Includes nutrients/components needed for specific microbial growth, Differential: Includes a dye indicator to showcase presence of specific microbial growth

No true nucleus in bacteria (prokaryotic cell) vs a true nucleus in eukaryotic cells, so genetic material in region called nucleoid. This means it is without a nuclear membrane.

It is the energy force needed to power the production of ATP by powering ATP synthase to create a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane of the bacterium. This is done by the lowering of energy states of electrons as they are picked up by a terminal electron acceptor (O2 in the case of aerobic respiration).

Florence Nightingale developed proper methods of sanitation during war after noticing the amount of preventable deaths due to microbes, and Louis Pasteur is known for disproving spontaneous generation of microbes and pasteurization of dairy products.

1.) septum forms - DNA replicates
2.) septum separates forespore from mother cell - DNA pumped into forespore
3.) mother cell engulfs forespore
4.) forespore develops cortex of peptidoglycan
5.) mother cell breaks down, endospore released

A conjugation pilus is used for DNA transfer between prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) and regular pili are used for cell to cell attachment.

Capsule, envelope, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm
Found in cytoplasm: ribosomes, DNA/RNA, endospore (gram +), transcription and translation material like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, etc, proteins, cytoskeletal structures.

NADH = reduced
NAD+ = oxidized

FADH2 = reduced
FADH = oxidized
FAD = further oxidized

Leeuwenhoek developed the very first microscope, and Sir Robert Hooke improved the method of microscopy by inventing the compound microscope

1.) Lag phase - preparing cell replication machinery
2.) Log phase - exponential cell reproduction/growth
3.) Stationary phase - maintaining steady reproduction, numbers of bacteria become stagnate.
4.) Death phase - bacteria start to die

Only ~0.1 of microbes found in nature can grow in manipulated (lab) environments. This is due to nature having way more access to raw materials and nutritive components, as compared to a lab setting.

Protective/Structural component of the bacterial cell located in the cell wall, composed of sugar groups (NAG and NAM) and proteins (peptides) connected by peptide bonds. Gram + have multiple layers of peptidoglycan connected by teichoic acids, and gram - bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides.

Energy Source: Light; Autotroph - Phototroph
Energy Source: Chemicals; Heterotroph- Chemotroph- Chemoorganotroph and Chemolithotroph

1.) Light microscopy (light contrast)
2.) Dark-field microscopy light comes from sides; dark contrast)
3.) Phase-Contrast microscopy (phase ring amplifies differences in refractive index of structures in bacterium)
4.) Fluorescence microscopy (via fluorescence or colored light emitted when hit with a different colored light)
5.) Electron Microscopy (scanning=via electron beam and transmission=electromagnets as lenses)

Passive transport (w/ conc. gradient) and subset facilitated diffusion (facilitated by membrane protein)

Active transport (against conc. gradient)
Primary: ABC Transporter, primary= with ATP
Secondary: Coupled Transporter, secondary= with concentration gradient of another solute (includes symports and anti-ports)