The main effectors on blood glucose levels after the release of insulin are:

Fill in the blanks: A mutation in insulin-binding RTKs that blocks RTK activity would lead to __________ (increased/decreased) expression of GLUT4 in the membrane and __________ (prevent/facilitate) phosphorylation of GSK3 relative to non-mutated forms in high-glucose conditions

In the process of glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce 2 pyruvate and ______?

Why are poikilothermic endotherms relatively rare, while poikilothermic ectotherms are relatively common?

How are ion gradients used to store energy and perform work in the cell? Provide at least 3 examples.

Which of the following processes are not performed by the liver in order to regulate blood glucose levels:
A. Coversion of G to G-6-P
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Insulin storage
D. Glycogenolysis

Which of the following is true?
A. glucose causes hyperpolarization of the beta cell membrane by inducing closure of the KATP channel
B. glucose causes hyperpolarization of the beta cell membrane by inducing activation of the KATP channel
C. depolarization of the beta cell membrane leads to an increased level of intracellular Ca2+
D. hyperpolarization of the beta cell membrane activates the VGCC
E. all of the above statements are false

Under anaerobic conditions, the NADH from glycolysis are used to donate electrons to ________ to form ________, which allows the creation of more ________ via _________.

How would a mutation in tubulin heterodimers affect the release of neurotransmitters?

Energy used by the NA/K ATPase is used in a coupled reaction with which of the following:
a. Polarization of the cell membrane
b. Import of glucose in the intestine
c. Return of calcium ions to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. Action potentials

Inhibiting the release of glucagon would impact the rate of which process in the liver at low glucose concentrations?

Besides catalyzing the first step of glycolysis, what function does hexokinase serve in regulating intracelluar glucose concentrations?

Briefly describe how the citric acid cycle is regulated. Identify the key regulatory enzymes and the factors that determine whether the flux of the cycle increases or decreases.

Describe how having both voltage and ligand gated ion channels is useful in the firing of neurons.

Mark the following as true or false. If false, explain why.
a. Enzymes form complexes with their substrates
b. Enzymes lower the activation energy for chemical reactions
c. Enzymes change the K eq for chemical reactions
d. Many enzymes change shape slightly when substrate binds
e. Reactions occur at the active site of enzymes, where a precise 3D orientation of
amino acids is an important feature of catalysis.

The following data were obtained from a typical cell:
Resting Membrane Potential: -75 mV
K+ Equilibrium Potential: -109 mV
Na+ Equilibrium Potential: 65 mV
For which ion, K+ or Na+, is the driving force greater?

Compare and contrast GLUT4 and GLUT2, including: expression, location, function, and hormone dependence

Given that the production of ATP in anaerobic metabolism (glucose->lactate) is far faster than production of ATP in aerobic metabolism, describe the expected physiological difference between a fast-twitch and a slow-twitch muscle fiber.

Some mobile cells are reliant on their cytoskeleton to move around the body, while others rely on the cytoskeleton to excrete proteins or other biomolecules. Contrast the effect of a switch to an oxygen-limited environment would effect the mobility of various cytoskeletal elements.

Which of the following statements about reaction rate is false?
Exergonic reactions
a. Release energy
b. Are spontaneous
c. Are exothermic
d. Have an equilibrium constant greater than 1
e. Can be coupled to endergonic reactions

Two hours after being administered a high dose of glucose patient A blood glucose concentration read 7.6 mmol/L, then after 6 hours his glucose dropped to 7.0 mmol/L. On the other hand patient B numbers were 8.3 mmol/L, and 8.1 mmol/L after 2 and 6 hours, respectively, for the same dose of glucose. What can be said about the hormonal changes and sugar metabolic pathway of each patient?
A Patient A experienced high secretion of insulin leading to glycogenesis
B Patient B experienced high secretion of glucagon leading to glycolysis
C Patient B experienced low secretion of glucagon leading to glycogenolysis
D Patient A experienced low secretion of insulin leading to lipogenesis

Describe the levels of intracellular compounds that lead to decreased glycolysis and increased gluconeogenesis in the liver after glucagon reception

In high doses, aspirin functions as a mitochondrial uncoupler. How would this affect glycogen stores?

Why are muscles (generally) unable to contract in both directions? Relate myosin/actin interactions in the muscles with your explanation, and predict the binding state of myosin when a muscle is being stretched.

When glucose is catabolized to CO2 and H2O, the Gibbs Free Energy change accompanying the reaction is approximately - 686 kcal/mole. Which of the following 'processes' make(s) an important contribution to the
change in G?
a. Release of energy 'contained in' the covalent bonds of the glucose molecules;
b. Entropy production;
b. The energy of activation of the overall reaction;
c. a & b;
d. All of the above contribute to the change in G;