Genetic change through time and can be studied at two different levels.

Based on Darwin’s principle that individuals with advantageous characteristics will survive and reproduce in higher numbers (reproductive success)

Physiological response to the environment operates at two levels:

Consists of changes in the frequency of alleles in a Population from one generation to the next.

Define a cell.

Any group of members of the same species in a given geographical area.

– Directional selection favors an extreme form of a trait.
– Stabilizing selection favors the average form of a trait.
– Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes.

Short-term, long-term, or permanent physiological responses to changes in the 1. environment 2. duration and severity of exposure 3. technological buffers 4. individual behavior 5. weight and overall body size

To deal scientifically with the diversity of the planet, biologists develop a system of

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus

Given some assumptions, genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation.

In most mammals, including humans, the gene that codes for lactase production “switches off” in adolescence.

Hot climate responses.

Is an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so.

Sometimes breeding may take place (as it can between a horse and a donkey) but if so, the offspring are not so fertile and/or well adapted as the parents (the mule produced is sterile).

Fluid contents inside cell membrane filled with small molecules.

Conditions in which allele frequencies can change.

Eumelanin, pheomelanin and neuromelanin.

Basic nutritional needs, variation in human diet, malnutrition, biological cost of modernization and dietary change

7 epochs.

Function of the cell membrane.

Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela More than half the occupants of some villages have the disorder.

Wexler found that everyone with the disease was descendant from one women, who lived 200yrs earlier carried the gene.

When two or more forces act in different directions on alleles of a gene it is called.

In colder climates, shorter appendages, with increased mass-to-surface ratios, are adaptive because they are more effective at preventing heat loss.

Conversely, longer appendages, with increased surface area relative to mass, are more adaptive in warmer climates because they promote heat los

Able to maintain internal body temperature by producing energy through metabolic processes within cells; characteristic of mammals, birds, and perhaps some dinosaurs.

This cell is Surrounded by the plasma membrane and Contains a nucleus and cytoplasm with specialized organelles.