| Primate Mating | Primate Cooperation and Intelligence | Early Hominins | Hominids and Toolmakers | Hominids and Toolmakers Continued |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Male
Gender that only cares for offspring if they can't find other mates and if their help would increase the offspring's fitness.
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Mutualistic/Altruistic
Your roommate will vacuum the dorm if you do the dishes, a _________ relationship. You help your roommate study with flashcards for her midterm, even though she's too busy to help you study, a ______________ relationship.
|
The movement of the continents over a long period of time due to the floating of tectonic plates. (Pangea--Laurasia, Gondwanaland-- modern)
Define continental drift. Extra: name the early continents.
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Extracted food
Food that, once found, must be processed with tools and protected
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H erectus
Hominid with a sagittal crest.
|
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Sexual selection
The process that creates adaptations that allow males to compete more effectively with other males for females.
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Inclusive fitness: helping those who share your genes; reciprocal altruism: altruism reciprocated by the subject.
You prefer to help your brother over a school friend when he gets into financial trouble (________). If he helps you when you are in trouble, then that is ________________.
|
Monkeys/apes
_____ use their tails for balance and walking and they sit as they feed; ______ feed while suspending themselves from their arm and move under branches while upright.
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H ergaster
Hominid that controlled fire.
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H heidelbergensis
Hominid with a unusually large brain
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Intrasexual selection
Traits that arise that help a male drive competitors away from females (eg, large body size, large teeth).
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Phenotypic matching (related to recognizing kin-- also relying on contextual cues, familiarity and proximity) (cross fostering proves that mothers need cues to recognize infants)
Evaluating kinship relationships based on smell or appearance to yourself.
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
The oldest known hominid.
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Round core stones with flakes knocked off to make an edge; were skilled, but didn’t have specific structure in mind
Describe how a Mode 1 tool is made.
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YES, because they produce surplus calories that can support women and children, ideally multiple children at one time
Does pair-bonding in foragers increase fitness?
|
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Female choice of a mate based off of the male's attractive characteristics (eg, plumage)
Female choice of a mate based off of the male's attractive characteristics (eg, plumage)
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1: proximity: opportunities to interact
2: memory: keep track of help given and received 3: discriminating behavior: you only help if you also receive help
Name three requirements of reciprocal altruism among nonkin
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Orrorin tugenensis
A bipedal hominin whose post-cranial anatomy indicates that it climbed.
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All tools follow same model, unchanged for many years, perhaps socially transmitted
What is unique about Mode 2 tools compared to Mode 1 tools?
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Yes, bc foraging and hunting takes a long time, children need to start young and train for a long time, and works if both share, because men have higher calories but they succeed less often, women have lower calories but succeed more often
Does the specialization of male and female foragers make sense? Give two reasons why or why not.
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Contest competition (/scramble competition, food low valued and evenly distributed)
Dominance relationships and direct fights arising from a situation where there are clumped, valuable resources. (Extra: what is the opposite of this phenomenon?)
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Social intelligence hypothesis
Social pressures (must be able to keep track of members) and ecological pressures (finding, remembering food) reward greater flexibility, leading to expansion of learning and planning parts of the brain.
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Wide, low ilium, long femur, tilted in; foramen magnum, arched, stable foot
Features of bipedalism.
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Flakes are larger, edges sharper; sometimes attached to spears, etc.
What improvement did Mode 3 tools make?
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Less surface area, less heat loss, hotter—big animals need ventilation stuff.
If a Neanderthal has a larger body size than another Neanderthal, will it be hotter or cooler than the other?
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