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What is
D) L-Malate
A significant correlation has been established between a mutant fumarase enzyme which
is less active than normal, and increased incidence of rectal cancer. What is the product of fumarase activity in the TCA? A) Fumarate B) Citrate C) Oxaloacetate D) L-Malate E) Alpha-ketoglutarate |
What is
D) the reaction is exergonic
n the gastrocnemius muscle of a 400m runner, the following reaction is taking place
during exercise: Glucose-6-P Glucose + Pi Delta G'o = -13.8 kJ/mol. Which of the following statements best describes this system? A) at 1M concentrations, the system would be at equilibrium B) at equilibrium, Delta G'o = 0 C) the pH is 1.0 D) the reaction is exergonic E) under standard conditions, reactants are favored F) Delta S'o is negative |
What is
C) Flexion/crossed extension
Early in the morning you arise from bed and hurry of to the bathroom. On the way, you
stub your unprotected great toe on the stone mantle of your fireplace. The reflex that MOST ACCURATELY accounts for your behavior is: A) Reverse myotatic B) Antigravity C) Flexion/crossed extension D) Reciprocal inhibitory E) Muscle stretch |
What is
A) acetaldehyde
In muscle, pyruvate can be converted by a single enzyme (or enzyme complex) to each
of the following compounds EXCEPT A) acetaldehyde B) acetyl CoA C) alanine D) lactate E) oxaloacetate |
What is
C) glucose 6-phosphate - glucose + Pi
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis share 7 of the 10 steps between glucose and pyruvate.
Which of the following steps is unique to gluconeogenesis? A) 3-phosphoglycerate - 2-phosphoglycerate B) fructose-6-phosphate - glucose-6-phosphate C) glucose 6-phosphate - glucose + Pi D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - dihydroxyacetone E) phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O - 2-phosphoglycerate |
What is
C) Radial nerve, midhumerous
A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after losing control during a
motorbike race in which he was run over by several of the other racers. Physical examination reveals several cuts and bruises. He is unable to extend the left wrist, fingers, and thumb, although he can extend the elbow. Sensation is lost in the lateral half of the dorsum of the left hand. Which of the following nerves has most likely been injured to result in these signs, and in what part of the arm is the injury located? A) Median nerve, anterior wrist B) Median nerve, arm C) Radial nerve, midhumerous D) Ulnar nerve, midlateral forearm E) Ulnar nerve, midpalmar region |
What is
B) an increase in extracellular concentration of phosphate
Secretion of parathyroid hormone is increased by
A) an increase in extracellular concentration of magnesium B) an increase in extracellular concentration of phosphate C) high intake of dietary calcium D) hypocalciuria E) treatment with thiazide diuretics |
What is
B) Deltoid
A patient can abduct her arm no further than the 15 degree position. Which of the
following muscles is most likely afected? A) Supraspinatus B) Deltoid C) Rhomboid minor D) Subscapularis E) Teres minor |
What is
D) Hydroxyproline
A 67-year old man has a restricted diet that includes no fresh citrus fruits or leafy green
vegetables. His teeth are loose and his gums bleed easily. This patient’s disorder most likely results from a defect in collagen synthesis that involves which of the following amino acids? A) Arginine B) Cysteine C) Histidine D) Hydroxyproline E) Leucine F) Methionine G) Serine |
What is
D) I-A fibers
In the reflex examination, the patellar tendon is briskly tapped with a reflex hammer.
The pathway chiefly responsible for initiating this reflex is the: A) I-B fibers B) II fibers C) Gamma motorneuron fibers D) I-A fibers E) Alpha motorneuron fibers |
What is
B) Nuclear swelling
What is NOT a feature of apoptosis
A) Chromatic condensation B) Nuclear swelling C) Cell shrinkage D) DNA fragmentation |
What is
B) Cdk2
In a normal, cycling cell in S phase, which of the following proteins will be active?
A) BRCA1 B) Cdk2 C) p21 D) p53 E) RB |
What is
E) A decrease in size of blastomeres
Which of the following events is involved in the cleavage of the zygote during week 1 of
development? A) A series of meiotic divisions forming blastomeres B) Production of highly diferentiated blastomeres C) An increased cytoplasmic content of blastomeres D) An increase in size of blastomeres E) A decrease in size of blastomeres |
What is
B) Northern blot
A gene product through to be involved in the down regulation of fetal hemoglobin
expression is being investigated. Samples of primary tissue cultures of fetal, neonatal, and adult liver and bone marrow, as well as adequate amounts of a DNA probe believed to contain the studied gene, are provided. The best method for determining which of the tissue culture samples expresses the studied gene is A) DNA sequencing B) Northern blot C) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) D) Southern blot E) Western blot |
What is
B) Folic acid
25-year-old lady had a severe vomiting and morning sickness and visited a
gynecologist. Upon examination doctor told her the good news that pregnancy test is positive and prescribed the multivitamin tablets. Which one of the following vitamin to reduce the risk of a pregnancy afected by spina bifida or other neural tube defects? A) Cobalamin B) Folic acid C) Vitamin K D) Thiamine E) Riboflavin |
What is
C) Decrease in induction of apoptosis of damaged cells
A mutation in p53 that causes a loss of its function can result in a(n)
A) Ability of cells to arrest in G1 phase after DNA damage B) Increase in the production of an angiogenesis inhibitor C) Decrease in induction of apoptosis of damaged cells D) Increase in DNA repair E) Decrease in DNA damage within cells |
What is
B) The long thoracic nerve
A 55-year-old male is examined in a neighbor- hood clinic after receiving blunt trauma
to his right axilla in a fall. He has difculty elevating the right arm above the level of his shoulder. Physical examination shows the inferior angle of his right scapula protrudes more than the lower part of the left scapula. The right scapula protrudes far more when the patient pushes against resistance. Which of the following neural structures has most likely been injured? A) The posterior cord of the brachial plexus B) The long thoracic nerve C) The upper turn of the brachial plexus D) The site of origin of the middle and lower subscapular nerves E) Spinal nerve roots C7, C8, and T1 |
What is
E) C8, T1
As she fell from the uneven parallel bars, the 17- year-old female gymnast grasped the
lower bar briefly with one hand but then fell painfully to the floor. An MRI examination reveals an injury to the medial cord of the brachial plexus. Which of the following spinal nerve levels would most likely be afected? A) C5, C6 B) C6, C7 C) C7, C8 D) C7, C8, T1 E) C8, T1 |
What is
E) Opponens pollicis
A 50-year-old woman who works as a secretary comes to the physician because of
numbness and tingling in her hands. On examination, the patient is found to have decreased sensation in all of her fingers except her fifth digit. Which of the following muscles is most commonly weakened in patients with this condition? A) Adductor pollicis B) Dorsal interossei C) Lumbricals (3 and 4) D) Opponens digiti minimi E) Opponens pollicis |
What is
D) Crossing over
During meiosis, pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs, which permits large
segments of DNA to be exchanged. What is this process called? A) Synapsis B) Nondisjunction C) Allignment D) Crossing over E) Disjunction |
What is
C) Somites
The Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to which of the following.
A) Lateral mesoderm B) Intermedial mesoderm C) Somites D) Median ectoderm E) Ectoderm |
What is
A) Anular
A mother tugs violently on her male child’s hand to pull him out of the way of an
oncoming car and the child screams in pain. Thereafter, it becomes obvious that the child cannot straighten his forearm at the elbow. When the child is seen in the emergency department, radiographic examination reveals a dislocation of the head of the radius. Which of the following ligaments is most likely directly associated with this injury? A) Anular B) Joint capsular C) Interosseous D) Radial collateral E) Ulnar collateral |
What is
B) as malate from the mitochondria to the cytosol.
The oxaloacetate formed for gluconeogenesis is transported
A) as malate from the cytosol to the mitochondria. B) as malate from the mitochondria to the cytosol. C) as NADHP from mitochondria to the cytosol. D) as oxaloacetate from the cytosol to the ER. E) as oxaloacetate from the ER to the cytosol. |
What is
A) difusion
During week 2 of development, the embryoblast receives its nutrients via
A) difusion B) osmosis C) reverse osmosis D) fetal capillaries E) yolk sac nourishment |
What is
A) Ectoderm: nervous system, epidermis
Which of the following structures are best matched to their embryonic tissue?
A) Ectoderm: nervous system, epidermis B) Endoderm: muscle and connective tissues C) Hypoblast: amnion, endoderm D) Mesoderm: epithelial linings of GI tract, respiratory and urinary systems E) Epiblast: chorion, placenta |