King of Spain until 1580 when he inherited the Portuguese throne. Ruling during the Spanish Golden Age, the conquests of the Inca and the Philippines occurred under his rule.

Brought Thirty Years’ War to an end. Sweden gained control of the Baltic, France gained more territory and power. Created tolerance for Calvinists

Born into the Medici family, gained political power with her marriage to Henry II. While her son Charles IX was in power, she had him order the massacre of French Huguenots

Pivotal naval battle between Holy League (Christian forces) and Ottoman Turks. First impactful defeat of an Ottoman fleet by Christian forces. Successfully stopped the Ottomans from acquiring Cyprus, a crucial Venetian island

Signed by Henry IV in 1598, granted rights to Huguenots in a majority Catholic France. Showed religious tolerance which was virtually unheard of due to conflict between Catholics and Protestants

Built by order of King Philip II of Spain, the largest Renaissance building on earth. Used for places of worship, considered the most important architecture of the Spainish Renaissance

Council made up of a compilation of Catholic churches, created directly in response to the Protestant Reformation (1545-1563)

Period of art characterized by religious depictions, dramatic scenes, and humanism. Paintings, literature, and sculpture were common.

Signed by seven provinces in the Netherlands to protect each other against Spain’s growing power and influence. Signed in 1579.

The Swedish king in the early 17th century, he made Sweden into a European power. Credited with success in building up Sweden’s arms.